Gilgamesh And The Coming Of Enkidu Analysis - 1783 Words

EPISODE 1: Gilgamesh and the Coming of Enkidu [Tablets from 1-2] A. Gilgamesh was both builder and an adventurer. He had a number of journeys that endangered the people in Uruk. The story begins with his last journey. Uruk’s young fellows have a huge issue because of the danger that comes from the King’ B. Enkidu was conceived in the wild among wild creatures whom he become a close acquaintence with and saved from herders traps. To free themselves of this animal, the herders requested a sanctuary whore to be sent from Uruk. A woman did arrive and promptly tempted Enkidu. For seven days they spoke Latin to each other. [Until as of late sexual points of interest were converted into Latin as opposed to English. Alexander Heidels†¦show more content†¦At the point when the legends achieved the Entryway to the Timberland Enkidu once more forewarned against section since that would require murdering Humbaba, a being working specifically under the directions of Enlil. Gilgamesh demanded. C. There took after a fight in which the two slaughtered Humbaba. They continued to reap the timber and buoy it downriver to Uruk. D. Their arrival to Uruk was a happy minute. They had fulfilled an incredible accomplishment and obtained wood of colossal esteem. EPISODE 3: The Bull of Heaven [Tablet from 6] A. Ishtar [Inanna] offered herself to Gilgamesh. He offended her with an inventory of her mistakes and references to her treatment of her past consorts. Gilgameshs refusal of the goddesses offer may well have been spurred by a hesitance to challenge the expert of the present Ruler of Kish. Marriage to Inanna was the methods by which one Lord stated his claim to sovereignty of all Sumer. See the Evolution of the Heieors Gamos Ritual is an odd name for the investigation of the Incomparable Goddess. Part II depicts the Holy Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi with a striking and maybe excessively strict interpretation. Try not to get to this segment on the off chance that you are humiliated by realistic portrayals of custom sexuality. Samuel Noah Kramer in The Hallowed Marriage offers an interpretation of the custom as utilized as a part of the rise of Ruler Shulgi to the Incomparable Majesty. B. Ishtars Outrage. She rose to ParadiseShow MoreRelatedExamples Of Character Development In The Epic Of Gilgamesh1541 Words   |  7 PagesCharacter analysis shows us a timeline on where and how the character has evolved. An example of this is the ancient Mesopotamia epic poem â€Å" The Epic of Gilgamesh†. There is no known author for this work, however, it is often known as the earliest surviving great works of literature. It’s not called â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† for nothing, Gilgamesh is shown in almost every part of the Poem. Him being the protagonist, really shows us, the audience, how much his character grew. In â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† thereRead MoreAnalyzing the Epic of Gilgamesh by F. Lorey through a Creationists Viewpoint818 Words   |  4 PagesEpic of Gilgamesh Annotated Bibliography Lorey, F. 1997. The Flood of Noah and the Flood of Gilgamesh. Acts Facts. 26 (3) Web. 4 Feb. 2014. When reading the story, someone can take many different viewpoints. In the article above, the author is analyzing the Epic of Gilgamesh through a creationists view point. It contains useful comparisons and historical data to help support his analysis. The author considers the story to hold very value for Christians. It concerns the typical myths that wereRead MoreGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh909 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† is a didactic story set out to expose the inevitability of death. The true meaning of this story is sometimes overlooked because the story is told in heighten language not easily understood. The epic hero in this story is Gilgamesh; he undertakes a quest for knowledge which is overshadowed by his ignorance. The tragic death of Enkidu, Gilgamesh’s trusted companion forces the epic hero to change his perception of death. To o vercome great obstacles one must be willing to putRead MoreThe Search for Immortality in the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pagessurrounding immortality transcends time and a plethora of cultures. The theme, immortality appears in stories from the Epic of Gilgamesh, which was composed by ancient Sumerians roughly around 600 B.C., to present day works of fiction in the twenty first century. Gilgamesh, a figure of celestial stature, allows his mortal side to whittle away his power after the death of Enkidu. Undeniably, defenseless before the validity of his own end, he leaves Uruk and begins a quest for Utnapishtim; the mortal manRead MoreComparing The Epic Of Gilgamesh1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is a Sumerian epic of the great king Gilgamesh and his deeds on Earth in ancient mesopotamia and in the city of Uruk. It is an important historical text because it is one of the oldest western epics and because it explains much about how the ancient Sumerian s viewed the Gods (Mark). The epic contains the tells of Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Utnapishtim, and many Gods and Goddesses of ancient Sumeria specifically Ishtar, the Goddess of love. In the tale Gilgamesh is created by the Gods

Gender And Gender Roles Have On Human Beings - 2160 Words

Abstract This paper will explore the world of gender and its social and cultural importance in western society. focusing more on the discrimination and negative impacts that gender stereotyping and socialized gender roles have on human beings as a whole. This includes the limitations that women and men are living with to this day in their homes, work and school. starting from birth gender shapes everyones world and gives them a glass ceiling that only a few pioneers have hit and shattered in the last few years. (MacQueen, 2003, pg. 2) At home women and men are put into very differing parenting roles based on genitalia instead of personal wants and goals in their respective lives. If a man wants children and enjoy being around them that may†¦show more content†¦There is a difference between being treated equally and being treated fairly, a fact that parents with more than one child will stress. A fact that is untrue because equality with fairness is not true equality. Fairness is bein g treated based on ones own abilities instead of any previous prejudices, and is an important part of the equality the world strives towards. This is still something very far out of reach though, especially in the area of gender. Despite the progress that has been reached in the last few year things are still not good enough to reach to full equality. Gender may mean less today than ever in history . . . but it still means plenty. Boys and girls . . . may be heading today toward the same bright future, but they continue to travel on a divided highway (MacQueen, 2003, pg. 2) Women are still treated differently, and in many cases worse, than men in many areas based on the old preconception that women and men are fundamentally different and made of different things. Only the other side of the coin Men have very rigid limits to their potential as they are expected to embrace and be the epitome of masculinity, limiting their abilities as parents, friends, teachers and anything they wish to do that isn t specifically masculine. (Hirsch, 2011, pg. 3) The saying that girls are made of sugar spice and everything nice while boys are made of snips, snails and puppy dog tails is something simple

Global Developments and Analysis System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Developments and Analysis System. Answer: Introduction Insider trading refers to the buying or selling of the securities of the company by such an individual who has the access to the confidential or material personal information regarding such securities of the company. Depending upon when such trade was made, the insider trading could be lawful or unlawful. Particularly when the material confidential information is still not made public, the trading is illegal. Every jurisdiction has different insider trading norms and in the following parts, the insider trading norms as are applicable in Australia and Hong Kong have been highlighted to draw a comparison between them. The insider trading laws of Australia is covered under Division 3s Part 7.10 of the Corporations Act, 2001. Further, these laws are enforced by the ASIC, i.e., the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. On the other hand, the laws related to insider trading in Hong Kong are covered under Division 4, Part XIII under the civil regime, and for the criminal regime, under Division 2 and Part IV of the Securities and Futures Ordinance[4]. Further, these are controlled by the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong. In both these jurisdictions, there are four traditional premises to validate the exclusion, and these are four are (a) the fiduciary duty theory, (b) the misappropriation or fraud theory, (c) the market integrity theory and (d) the equal access to information theory. The fiduciary duty theory cannot be applied to such an individual who is not lawfully fiduciary for instance the major shareholders. Though, in both the jurisdictions, it was recently observed that it is more based on the market integrity theory and the fraud theory. For Australia, the case of Regina v Xiao[6] was the one in which the MD of the company had confessed to insider trading and got 8 years as jail term which was the longest sentence in insider trading cases in the nation. Here, the emphasis of Hall J was laid on fraud and cheating. Similarly, in the Hong Kong case of HKSAR v Du Jun[7], the Hong Kong Court of Appeal awarded a 6.3 years as jail term based on the English case of Regina v Christopher McQuoid[8] on the basis of cheating/ fraud element. There is a similarity in the central composition of these two systems as the jurisdictions of both these entail civil and criminal provisions, as per which, a beach of insider trading provisions could attract both civil and criminal liabilities. In the Australian Regime, section 1042A of the Corporations Act provides a non-exhaustive definitive of financial products as any such financial product which can be traded on financial market[9]. In the regime of Hong Kong, the prohibition on insider trading is laid down on the derivatives or the listed securities. The listed securities are defined under section 245 of the Securities and Futures Ordinance, which is an exhaustive definitive and has to relate to listed companies[10]. Under both of these regimes, the information which is used needs to have material effect over the prices of the financial product or of securities. In the regime of Hong Kong, save for providing in case the information is in general known, it would likely have a major impact over the prices of the listed securities, does not have further provisions with regards to what the materially affect the price would mean and so, the case laws have to be referred where necessary. On the other hand, in the regime of Australia, the clarity is already given in provisions covered under section 1042D[11] and 1042A[12], where the former section puts a test, which is deemed as succinct, clear and straightforward. Also, for triggering the insider trading sections in the two jurisdictions, it is crucial to show that the confidential information which is utilized by the insider was inside information. And this is a key component of the insider informations definition in both of these regimes, particularl y with respect to the nature of information. The Australian requirement is that the information must not be available in a common manner, and for Hong Kong, the information must not be known to the persons in general manners, who are used to or who are likely to be dealing in the listed securities of that particularly organization[13]. There is a need for connection in the regime under Hong Kong, in between the company and the trader who possessed the insider information[14]. This majorly consisted of five groups of people, i.e., (a) the employees and directors of company, major shareholders, and related companies, (b) the people who had business relationship or were connected by profession, (c) the transactions of the counterparties which were privy to the insider information, (d) the specified individuals and the public officers, and (e) the individuals falling in (a) to (c) category in a period of six months from the particular violation[15]. The Griffiths Report of 1989, in Australian regime put forward the proposal for the elimination of connection obligation and this suggestion was not only upheld, but was also ratified in the law. Hence, under the present day insider trading provisions covered under the Corporations Act, the connection requirement has been given away with. The key difference between the two regimes is in the takeover aspects where the regime of Hong Kong singles out and also makes particularly detailed provisions for the takeover. On the other hand, the same is not done in the regime followed in Australia. Section 270(1)(b) of the Securities and Futures Ordinance specifically covers offeror or bidder of the takeover bid[16]. Conclusion To sum up the key points of this discussion, the insider trading laws of Australia and Hong Kong are majorly similar. However, there are certain aspects in which the insider trading laws of Hong Kong are behind the ones of Australia, particularly due to the dependence on connection. Even though the laws of Australia can be cited as being complex, but this complexity results in an effective framework to be present for the insider trading regime in the nation. Bibliography Ali PU and Gregoriou GN, Insider Trading: Global Developments and Analysis (CRC Press, 2008) Chan HK, Chan RSY, and Ho JKS, Enforcement of insider trading law in Hong Kong: What insights can we learn from recent convictions? (2013) 28 Aust Jnl of Corp Law 271. Donald DC, A Financial Centre for Two Empires: Hong Kong's Corporate, Securities and Tax Laws in its Transition from Britain to China (Cambridge University Press, 2014) Duffy MJ, Insider trading: Addressing the continuing prob-lems of proof (2009) 23 Aust Jnl of Corp Law 149. Yan A, Insider Dealing Law in Hong Kong (2013) Centre for Financial Regulation and Economic Development, Working Paper No. 13 https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2322774

Linguistics and Language Essay Example

Linguistics and Language Essay 1. The underlying assumptions, theories, and methods used by psychologiest, linguists, and researchers are believed to strongly affect the way each defines psycholinguistics. Please discuss some different conceptions of psycholinguistics in its relation to other branches of linguistics. Then, define yours. One of your reference should be â€Å"fundamentals of Pyscholinguistics by Fernandez and Cairns (2010)† OPsycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study in which the goals are to understand how people acquire language, how people use language to speak and understand one another, and how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science (Fernandez: 2011). OPsycholinguistics examines the psychology of language; psycholinguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguists study understanding, producing, and remembering language, and hence are concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language. (Harley, Trevor A. 2001. The Psychology of Language. ) OPsycholinguistic studies have revealed that many of the concepts employed in the analysis of sound structure, word structure, and sentence structure also play a role in language processing. However, an account of language processing also requires that we understand how these linguistic concepts interact with other aspects of human processing to enable language production and comprehension. ( William OGrady, et al. , Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001 OPsycholinguistics, there is a constant exchange of information between psycholinguists and those working in neurolinguistics, who study how language is represented in the brain. There are also close links with studies in artificial intelligence. Indeed, much of the early interest in l anguage processing derived from the AI goals of designing computer programs that can turn speech into writing and programs that can recognize the human voice. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2003) OPsycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973) Oâ€Å"†¦.. psycholinguists are interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which people must have in order to use language in childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I say â€Å"underlying knowledge and abilities† because language, like all systems of human knowledge, can only be inferred from the careful study of overt behavior. † (Dan Isaac Slobin: 1979) OBased on my reading, Psycholinguistics is study about language acquisition, language used one another, and study how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science. . Linguistic analysis might use similar language data or language corpuses as the object of analysis. Please give an example of language use which can be analyzed from different point of view, particularly from semantics, pragmatics, socialinguistics, discourse analysis, and psycholinguistics. Support your answer in term of their focuses of analysis. How are they similar, different, and how are they related one other. Linguisti cs study about human language as communication. In other hand, linguistics as fild of study that the object is language. Semantics is one of study that hand-in-hand with pragmatics. specializing in semantics studies, languageis study about the meaning of words, that is influenced by the context in which the words are presented. Semantics study how words are given meaning by their structure, tone, and the situation in which they are used.  ·Pragmatics is concerned with the role of context in the interpretation of meaning.  ·Pragmatics and semantics is different parts but the same general study. Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with people’s ability to use language meaningfully. While semantics is concerned with a speaker’s competence to use the language system in producing meaningful utterances and processing (comprehending).  ·Sociolinguistics a close neighbour of psycholinguistics, can be defined as the linguistic study dealing with the functioning of language in society. Sociolinguitics has to do with the study of language from the viewpoint of how social, regional, individual and historical aspects influence the language and its use in society which is specifically called speech community. OPsycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior. Psycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973)  ·Discourse Analysis is approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use. discourse analysis is, like descriptive linguistics, a way of studying language. It may be regarded as a set of techniques, rather than a theoretically predetermined system for the writing of linguistic rules. (Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Doing discourse analysis certainly involves doing syntax and semantic, but it primarily consists of doing pragmatics. In discourse analysis, as in pragmatics, we are concerned with what people using language are doing, and accounting for the linguistic features in the discourse as the means employed in what they are doing. . The objects of psycholinguistic studeis are addressed to language production, acquisition, and comprehension. Could you explain how are the processes of the three language uses in term of psycholinguistics analysis.  ·Language production based on Levelt, speech production divided into four stage; I. Conceptualization and formulation Primitive linguistic concept about first conceptualized in human mind by David Mcneill stated that linguistic concepts are f ormed as two current and parallel modes of taught. These are syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking. Then syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking ellaborate to conceptualize conversation in which speech utterance and gestures to be tied together in time. But this concept has gone record. Formulation as the output of the process language production. Lashely stated that production and comprehension of speech is linear process. Based on tradition od examining speech production, sleep tangue as a window of the formulation process. II. slips of the tongue Slip of the tongue is normal mistake, it happen to catch the goof ourselve. Then we can immediately correct. Slip the tongue as the production process . ut this concept has gone record too. III. Articulation In this stage we consider about what happens when all of he information go from our brain to articulation. IV. Self-Monitoring Self – monitoring seems that as final stage. It is not only produce speech and listen one to another, but also to keep one ear open on what they themselve saying.  ·Language acquisition Language a cquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words[-;0] and sentences[-;1] to communicate. Language acquisition began the same with the cognitive science at 1950’s. Chomsky argued that language acquisition falsified these beliefs in a single stroke: children learn languages that are governed by highly subtle and abstract principles, and they do so without explicit instruction or any other environmental clues to the nature of such principles. While Hence stated language acquisition depends on an innate, species-specific module that is distinct from general intelligence. Chomsky believes that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’ or LAD which encodes the major principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the child’s brain. In other point of view There are five stages in language acquisition stated by Chumbow and Adegbija (1984) such as babbling stage, the holophrastic stage, the two-word utterances, the telegraphic stage and recursive stage.  ·Language comprehension Clark and Clark argue that language comprehension is mental process by listeners take in the sounds uttered by speaker and use them to construct an interpretation of what they think the speaker intended to convey. (Clark and Clark: 1977)In sum up, language comprehension is building the meaning from sounds. While Language comprehension is generally viewed in cognitive theory as con-sisting of active and complex processes in which individuals construct meaning from aural or written information (Anderson 1985; Byrnes 1984; Call 1985; Howard 1985; Pearson 1985; Richards, 1983). An-derson (1983, 1985) proposes that the mental processes necessary for comprehending aural and written texts are sufficiently similar that comprehension of both can generally be discussed as a common phe-nomenon. 4. Following Clark and Clark (1977), comprehension involves two processes-construction and utilization processes. The first is concerned with the way listeners construct an interpretation of a sentence from the speakers’ words. The second deals with how listeners utilize this interpretation for further purposes for registering new infromation, answering questions, following orders, and registering promises. What really happens in our cognitive domains (memory) for both processes? Examplify your answer that the first happens earlier than the second OClark and Clark (1977) say that short-term memory is roughly related to the working memory in the construction process; long term memory is dealt with the process of utilization. In other word In short, short-term just focus on the surface of the utterance (how the sentence is constructed) while the long one concern on the meaning more (how the sentence is properly utilized). Outilization, consists of relating a mental represen-tation of the text meaning to declarative knowledge in long-term mem-ory. This process is referred to as elaboration in other descriptions of the reading process. Utilization is the key to comprehension and the basic determinant that facilitates it. In any mes-sage, there may be an interplay between information we already know and information that is entirely new. . Production of a speech requires speakers to plan what to say before its execution. Theoritically, the plan begins firstly with discourse plan followed by sentence plan and, at last, constituent plan. What should be the underlying concepts of this order? In the execution of a speech plan, several mental activities happen, what are they? Explain your answer OSpeech production is the process by which spoken[-;2] words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics[-;3] formulated and then finally are articulated by the motor system[-;4] in thevocal apparatus[-;5]. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a conversation[-;6], reaction such as when they name a picture or read[-;7] aloud a written word[-;8], or a vocal imitation such as in speech repetition[-;9]. Speech production is not the same as language production since language[-;10] can also be produced manually by signs[-;11]. The production of spoken language[-;12] involves three major levels of processing. The first is the processes of conceptualization[-;13] in which the intention[-;14] to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed. The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic[-;15] form required for that words expression is created. This process involves such processes as the generation of a syntactic[-16] frame, and phonological[-17] encoding which specifies the phonetic[-18] form of the intended utterance, the third stage is articulation[-19] which involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics[-20] of a word and the motor coordination[-21] of appropriate phonation[-22] and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue[-23], lips[-24], jaw[-25], and other parts. Levelt, WJ (1999). Models of word production. [-26]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (6): 223–232) 6. Children acquire language faster than adults’. Please give your arguments to agree or disagree to this statement. How do children use their utterance compared to adult. You should refer to, at least, four references. OChomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone beca use the language spoken around them is highly irregular – adult’s speech is often broken up and even sometimes ungrammatical. In ways understanding and establish meaning in words, children and adults are different. Children tend to focus more on the superficial physical characteristics of an object when defining the prototype for an object and when comparing a stimulus to that prototype. Thus, children will gradually their understanding of an object. Steinberg at all (2001) conclude the progress started from vocalization to babbling, babbling to speech, naming and using holophrastic for one word utterances, and using telegraphic speech for two and three words utterances. Another expert Mc Neill in Steinberg at all (2001:36) gives another opinion that the child who is learning language can compare the language that they have in their mind with what they hear from his parents. Children give priority to collocational links between words. For example, a child might respond with the word ‘night’ when told the word ‘dark’, whereas an adult more likely to respond with the word ‘light’ when presented with the same word ‘dark. Children may take time to discover the criteria by adult classify item as co-ordinates. 7. Language structure and language function can be seen differently by different scholars from the side of the meaning of an utterance. Please discuss your opinion about the function approach to meaning (the procedures and uses) Outterances has different meaning in context (including the situation, condition, location and the time in which the utterances are produced). For example : †Masak begitu saja jadi gila sih? † this utterance May be in giving support or motivate somebody who just got disappointed or depressed. 8. Please quote a mass demonstrant’s discourse (at least consisting of ten sentences). Please analyze psycholinguisticly the discourse of the demonstrant by considering his/her mass psychology. ODemo guru bantu : ‘angkat kami jadi PNS. Kami telah lama mengabdi untuk negri ini. Kalau kami tidak diangkat jadi PNS, gaji kami tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan primer kami. Yaitu kebutuhan hidup keluarga dan kebutuhan pendidikan anak-anak kami. Guru bantu perlu diperhatikan kesejahteraan hidupnya. Dari demo guru di atas terlihat semua individu memiliki kepentingan menjadi satu yaitu meminta kenaikan Gaji yang tidak sesuai standar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan utama. Dari kalimat demo di atas, setiap idividu guru lebih memiliki power yang lebih besar untuk meminta kenaikan gaji dikarekan mereka bersatu menjadi satu. OMass psychology is a branch of social psychology[-27]. Mass psychology is concerned with the behaviour and thought processes of individual mass members and the mass as a whole. The main idea of Sigmund Freud[-28]s crowd behavior theory is that people who are in a crowd act differently towards people from those who are thinking individually. The minds of the group would merge to form a way of thinking. Each members enthusiasm would be increased as a result, and one becomes less aware of the true nature of ones actions. Other major thinkers of crowd psychology include Rene Girard[-;29], Gustave Le Bon[-;30], Wilfred Trotter[-;31], Gabriel Tarde[-;32],Sigmund Freud[-;33], Elias Canetti[-;34], Steve Reicher[-;35] and Julia Constintine. 9. How do you agree (support) or disagree to the following ideas: a. language need not be taught, nor can it be suppressed OI agree that language need to be taught nor can be suppressed, Fernandez stated that language acquisition in the child is a naturally unfolding process, Every normal human acquires alinguistic system, and failure to do so is evidence for some sort of pathology. that children need to experience social, interactive language in order to acquire language. In fact, people acquire language at about the same speed during about the same age span, no matter what kind of cultural and social situation they grow up in. b. hildren everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule OI agree that children everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule. Based on (Fernandez: 2011) state that babies coo in the first half of their first year and begin to babble in the second half. The first word comes in the first half of the second year for just about everyone. In all societies, babies go through a one-word stage, followed by a period of early sentences of increasing len gth; finally, complex sentences begin. By the age of 5 the basic structures of the language are in place, although fine-tuning goes on until late child-hood. Children all over the world are sensitive to the same kinds of language properties, such as word order and inflection. They make remarkably few errors, but their errors are of a similar type. While there is much individual variation in the age at which children acquire aspects of language, that variation is conditioned by individual char-acteristics of the child rather than by the language being acquired or the culture in which the language is used. c. language is universal in human being OI agree with that statement about there are close to 7,000 languages spoken in the world today and, on the surface, they differ greatly. However, there are profound similarities among the languages of the world – so many similarities, in fact, that human language can be thought of as a single entity. Language universals result from the way the human brain organizes and processes linguistic information: language universals are a product of human neurology. Thus, a person’s ability to acquire and use language is natural These universals do not derive from social, cultural, or general intellectual characteristics of humans. Instead, List of references: Clark, H. H. and E. V. Clark (1977): Psychology and Language, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Fernandez, Eva M. (2011). Fundamental of psycholinguistics. Oxford. Wiley-Blackwell Steinberg, at all (2001): Psycholinguistic: Language, Mind, and World. Malaysia, Pearson Education. Scovel, T (2001): Psycholinguistics. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press. Yasin, Anas. (2010). Tindak Tutur: sebuah model gamatika komunikatif. Padang: Sukabina Press [-;0] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Word [-;1] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) [-;2] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spoken [-;3] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [-;4] http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Motor_system [-;5] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vocal_apparatus [-;6] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conversation [-;7] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reading_(process) [-;8] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Writing [-;9] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Speech_repetition [-;10] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [-;11] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sign_language [-;12] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Spoken_language [-;13] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conceptualization [-;14] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Intention -;15] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [-;16] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Syntactic [-;17] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonological [-;18] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [-;19] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation [-;20] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetics [-;21] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Motor_coordination [-;22] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonation [-;23] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tongue [-;24] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lip [-;25] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jaw -;26] http://www. columbia. edu/~rmk7/HC/HC_Readings/Levelt. pdf [-;27] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_psychology [-;28] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [-;29] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard [-;30] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon [-;31] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wil fred_Trotter [-;32] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gabriel_Tarde [-;33] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [-;34] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Elias_Canetti [-;35] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steve_Reicher

The movies and drama Essay Example For Students

The movies and drama Essay The arts deal in the particular, the individual, and the personal. While the sciences deal in the general, the universal and the collective. To what extent does this statement obscure the nature of both areas of knowledge? In examining the ways in which this statement obscures the nature of both areas of knowledge, it is essential to examine the differences and similarities between both areas and determine links between the two. The arts as referred to in the statement can be qualified into all subjects of a creative and imaginative nature. Literature, poetry, fine arts, theatre arts, movies and drama can all be qualified as the arts. This is because all these subjects deal with the creativity and imagination of the human mind. All these areas of knowledge are sensitive to humans emotions and their perceptions of their surroundings. The arts can be said to be the areas of knowledge within which Humans attempt to understand the world around them in a passionate and heartfelt manner, letting their thoughts flow to produce works and pieces of an artistic nature. We will write a custom essay on The movies and drama specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The sciences as referred to in the statement can be qualified into all subjects of a practical and logically rational nature. Biology, chemistry, physics, zoology, psychology, botany and all their sub divisions can be qualified as the sciences. This is because all these subjects deal with practical, every day matters that bring about theories which help us better understand ourselves and our environment. All these areas of knowledge are based on reason, and satisfy the human quest to answering questions of their own existence by providing clear-cut, reliable and proven facts that are the basis for theories which serve as these answers. The sciences can be said to be the areas of knowledge within which practicality, logic and rationality serve as the foundation to providing theories that enable humans to comprehend their existence and their environment in a coherent manner. In exploring both areas of knowledge with reference to the statement, it is necessary to first establish the history of differences between both areas of knowledge. In their fundamental explanations, as seen above, the arts and the sciences directly contrast one another. This brings about the traditional opinion of how sciences and arts are two completely dissimilar areas of knowledge and any links between the two can only be found as differences. Over centuries of dismissing arts and sciences into two completely different corners of knowledge, opinions have been formed by humans about the divisions between both areas of knowledge, as is reflected in the statement. In exploring the impact these set rules of separation between both areas of knowledge have on obscuring them, it is essential to determine that they do certainly have basic differences in their fundamental explanations. There are many exceptions however, which prove that the sciences and the arts are not two completely vast and different areas of knowledge. They are simply, as is explored in the crux of this essay, two different approaches, both of which need to be utilized to better understand and accept the different ways of knowing and different areas of knowledge, linking the two to provide a greater understanding into the theory of knowledge.

Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying †Research Paper

Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying – Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying Research Paper In this essay I will assess evolutionary psychology (E.P) as a scientific research programme. I will outline the concept of a scientific research programme and the utility of discussing E.P in this manner. I will also give an outline of the origins of E.P, discussing on the one hand its fundamental principles and their auxiliary hypotheses and on the other the earliest work done in this spirit. I will discuss certain ambiguities and weaknesses present in the programme, those concerning reverse engineering, modularity, adaptation and the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (E.E.A). I will complete the discussion of Archer’s claim by assessing criticisms of E.P and their motivation, and providing some warning comments about progress and degeneration. E.P as a Scientific Research Programme Archer (2001) presents the hierarchical theoretic structure of E.P. as outlined by Buss (1990). His basic claim is that the fundamental principles of E.P are not being tested in empirical research; the role of these fundamental principles (the first and second level) is to generate ‘novel hypotheses’ (the second and third level) which are then empirically tested. To understand fully what is being claimed one needs at least a brief gloss on work done in Philosophy of Science in the latter part of the twentieth century. In his Conjectures and Refutations Karl Popper made what many consider to be a key move in the justification of scientific method. His suggestion was that science follows a ‘hypothetico-deductive’ system. Rather than being an attempt to prove theories inductively from set of relevant observations, a more stable characterisation (which would also account for the success of scientific theories) would be as follows: hypotheses are deduced from theories; these hypotheses generate predictions which are submitted to rigorous tests; any observations which violate these predictions refute the theory via a retransmission of falsity under the logical law of modus tollens. Theories are conjectures which stand only until falsified; the wider the range of predictions and the more rigorous the test, the better the theory. (Popper, 1972) One problem noted by one of Popper’s students, David Miller (in his Critical Rationalism), is the lack of any theory of verisimilitude. Given that there is no way of identifying a specific set of all the hypotheses a theory may generate in potentia there is no way of knowing which un-refuted theory is objectively better, and thus closer to the truth, than its contemporaries. (Miller, 1994) An alternative view presented by Kuhn in his Structure of Scientific Revolutions is that ‘normal science’ consists of ‘paradigms’, which are themselves dependent upon historical factors such as their socio-political context. Unfortunately Kuhn’s use of the ‘paradigm’ is fairly ambiguous and whilst it is useful for talking about dramatic changes in accepted scientific thought e.g. the ‘Williams revolution’ in evolutionary biology, it is unclear whether it can be specifically applied to E.P. Kuhn recognising this ambiguity changed the term to disciplinary matrix or matrices (Kuhn, 1970, 1977). However, some e.g. Buller Hardcastle (2001) read ‘paradigm’ as a shared and unquestioned framework of theory, methodology, and exemplars (specific explanations that serve as models for further scientific research) and believe E.P may be represented in this way. I am unconvinced that they have wrestled with the ambiguities a nd will argue that a Lakatosian ‘scientific research programme’ (S.R.P) is closer to Archer’s representation of E.P as a â€Å"research agenda† and can better account for the diversity within the field (Archer 2001, p414). Imre Lakatos, also a student and colleague of Popper (but sympathetic the idea that history is a key factor in considering the nature of scientific research), proposed the idea that an S.R.P is characterised by a continuity which ties together its members: the metaphysical ‘hard-core’. The hard-core is metaphysical in the Popperian sense that it is not subject to refutation by empirical testing. Within the hard-core are the central theoretic principles from which auxiliary hypotheses are deduced. In E.P. the hard-core, at the very least, certainly comprises the principle that species evolve through genetic inheritance, mutation and differential selection: Darwinian evolution. It would also include certain Neo-Darwinian ethological principles such as Trivers’ theory of reciprocal altruism, Hamilton’s theory of kin selection and Maynard Smith’s application of ‘game theory’ to evolution. The inclusion of these is indicated by the words imme diately following the title quote â€Å"natural selection has made us this way† (Archer 2001, p414). Note that these theories are empirically testable, however what is important in the context of E.P as an S.R.P is that they are tested elsewhere (they are the auxiliary hypotheses of other S.R.P’s); the experiments conducted under the banner of E.P serve to test the auxiliary hypotheses which form a protective belt around the hard-core (Archer 2001, p415). This, I hope, will add some depth to Archers comment that it is a â€Å"fundamental misconception† about E.P research to believe â€Å"that in each case the evolutionary view is being tested† (Archer 2001, p416). The auxiliary hypotheses are interpretations of the hard-core with specified empirically observable predictions from which experiments may be constructed. If the predictions are falsified by experimental observations the relevant auxiliary hypotheses will be discarded as false interpretations of the core. A degenerative S.R.P is one which is continually forced to discard auxiliary hypotheses, thus reducing the range of empirical prediction and continually reinterpreting the hard-core. A progressive S.R.P is one which continually increases the range of empirical prediction through the survival of auxiliary hypotheses and the generation of novel hypotheses from the former. The Santa Barbara School and the early auxiliary hypotheses In the light of this discussion we can more clearly discern what might be characteristic features of E.P and see whether it does what Archer proclaims. Here I will examine the claim that the early writings and mission statements of Leda Cosmides and John Tooby provides the â€Å"defining features of the field† (Laland Brown (2002)). Together with Donald Symons, who brought them to the University of Santa Barbara, this group of researchers will be referred to as the ‘Santa Barbara School’ for the sake of convenience. Cosmides Toobys views on the nature of E.P seem to be in the same spirit as Archers rather general statement (serving as title for this paper), as shown the following quote: â€Å"Evolutionary psychology is an approach to psychology, in which knowledge and principles from evolutionary biology are put to use in research on the structure of the human mind.† (Cosmides Tooby, 1997) One noteworthy disparity between the Santa Barbara School and Archer (and perhaps also Buss, see Laland Brown (2002) p158) seems to be the extent to which they emphasise a computational theory of mind. Archer uses the word mechanism freely but without committing himself to any clear statement of his stance upon the functionality of the mind. Cosmides and Tooby on the other hand clearly emphasise that they take mind to be an information processing machine consisting of circuits operating programs which manifest adaptations: â€Å"When evolutionary psychologists refer to the mind, they mean the set of information-processing devices, embodied in the human brainthe programs comprising the human mind were designed by natural selection to solve the adaptive problems faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors.† (Cosmides 2001) Thus we should exhibit evolutionary adaptations in our behaviour and cognitive abilities. An apparent thesis of the Santa Barbara School is what might be called hyper-modularity. Fodor originally introduced the idea of modularity to the Philosophy of Mind in arguing that the areas of mind involved in perception have certain pointed and discrete functional properties and are thus domain-specific whilst the rest of the mind may be a domain general problem solving machine (Fodor, 1983). A crucial feature of these modules is informational encapsulation; the module is only privy to the very specific information related to its function and does not access information processed in other parts of the brain. The Santa Barbara School adopt the idea of domain-specific modules whilst seemingly rejecting the idea that the mind may be domain-general. It is useful to understand this as a reaction to what they referred to as the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM), which retained what they considered a dogmatic view (inherited from the 17th and 18th century empiricists) of the mind as w hite paper to be written upon by social cultural and physical experience and so must be domain general (as it begins with no information regarding the problems it may face). A quote from Symon illustrates their view: â€Å"It is no more probable that some sort of general-purpose brain/mind mechanism could solve all the behavioural problems an organism faces (find food, choose a mate,select a habitat, etc.) than it is that some sort of general-purpose organ could perform all physiological functions (pump blood, digest food, nourish an embryo, etc.)† (Symons, 1997 as cited in Buller Hardcastle, 2000) To understand what problems these domain-specific modules have adapted to solve one must be familiar with the environment in which they evolved. Evolution takes a long time, only comprehensible in terms of thousands of generations. Cosmides and Tooby suggest, following Bowlby, that we have not significantly evolved since the time when our hunter-gather ancestors roamed the African Savannah in roughly the Pleistocene period; this would be the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (E.E.A) and only in reference to this, rather than our post-agricultural/technological-revolution modern day world, may we understand present day adaptations. Thus we have a stone-age mind in a space age world, but â€Å"the past explains the present† , and we must reverse-engineer to understand a particular trait or disposition (Cosmides Tooby, 1990; Pinker, 1997 cited in Archer, 2001). Cosmides (1989) doctoral dissertation provides an illustration of the methods proposed above. Following the principle of reciprocal altruism and the idea that its effective function requires an ability to detect cheats to the rules of reciprocation (i.e. in solution to the free-rider problem), Cosmides designed a series of elegant experiments using the Wason selection task to test the hypothesis that humans possess a cheater detection module adapted to solve this problem. The data showed that even where subjects had training in formal logic 75% failed the task when in an abstract form, whereas 75% got it right when it was presented in a social form in which subjects had to detect cheats to a social rule (both tasks had the same logical form). This indicated that the subjects possessed a cheater detection module that was not party to the subjects knowledge of logic in a separate stream of the brain. In sum, we have a number of auxiliary hypotheses detailed above that have been interpreted from the hard-core which we established earlier. These are that the mind functions as a computer with discrete domain-specific modules, we will exhibit evolved adaptations in our behaviour and cognition our adaptations were selected for in an environment vastly different from that which most of us currently live in to understand these we must focus upon the E.E.A I shall give brief criticisms of each of these. Ambiguities, weaknesses, criticisms of E.P, degeneration and progress. I shall not address the concept of a computational theory in general but rather the specific modularity thesis. There are two initial points: firstly a modular theory of mind does not necessitate a mind composed of entirely domain specific modules – as Fodor (1983) suggests, there may be informationally encapsulated modules which do not interact with the rest of a domain general mind; secondly whilst Cosmides early conclusions at least require some domain-specific/informationally encapsulated modules there is little to suggest that this precludes them being a part of a domain-general mind. In fact there seems to be evidence that some psychological traits are domain-general, and when pushed upon the matter Cosmides and Tooby agree, pointing to their own recent work which indicates just this, making it somewhat ambiguous what their stance is. Work done by Ramachandran and others has shown that hand-gesturing in babies comes before the use of language, gesticulation experiences are reported by phantom limb patients when communicating, blind persons use the same gestures in the same manner as sighted persons, sighted persons still gesticulate when talking to blind persons and subjects recall details of a story better when allowed to gesticulate. All of which indicates that gesticulation may not be a culturally learned behavioural trait but rather a tool for the speakers language use. This is in turn would indicate that there is a dynamic interaction between brain areas involved in language and those involved in motor control; this is a direct criticism of Pinkers arguments that there are discrete language modules and of hyper-modularity in general (Badcock, 2000, pp23 25). Adaptations are a point of controversy within Darwinian theory. Darwins own comments seem to suggest that an adaptation selected to solve a specific problem may be an illusion or very heavy interpretation of what is really just an amalgam of surviving parts (see quotation in Badcock pp 22 23). Also Williams warns against regarding something as an adaptation prematurely, stating that the criterion for regarding a feature of an organism as adaptive (and if so what it was originally adaptive to) are far too unclear, as such he warns that we should only regard something as adaptation when we have exhausted all other possibilities. There seems to be a problem here for the reverse engineering thesis that presumes we can glean semantic properties (the why) rather than just causal properties (the how) from our analysis of whether a particular behaviour or ability is adaptive (Badcock, 2000, pp18 19). Having anything interesting to say about the E.E.A may be precluded by the difficulty of being able to say with confidence that something is an adaptation rather than an epiphenomenon of other other unnoticed adaptations. This aside it is not particularly clear what exactly the E.E.A is; denoting a general time-period and place does not get us far in having a working model. Cosmides and Tooby (1990) have attempted to provide something more definitive: â€Å"it is a statistical composite of the adaptation relevant properties of the ancestral environments encountered by members of ancestral populations, weighted by their frequency and their fitness consequences.†(as cited in Laland Brown 2000 pp179) Yet this does not denote a particular ancestral population or even a particular time period which would mark key stages in our evolution of certain adaptations (Laland Brown, 2000) The idea of an E.E.A and focus on the general hunter-gatherer concept also gives a misleadingly static view of evolution in the surrounding time periods. In addition, to say that we are maladapted to our current environment is akin to saying that the hunter gatherers, being originally vegetarians, were maladapted to theirs. It seems a moot point to argue focus upon one environment rather than another. A few things must be noted in conclusion. Firstly very few of the criticisms above are decisive or even arguments. To do this effectively one would have to level each against all the diverse work done in the field. But the line of attack is clear; if the auxiliary hypotheses cannot achieve the generality they purport or worse still their predictions are disconfirmed then they will have to be reinterpreted in order that the programme may survive. If reinterpretation persists then the field should be considered degenerative. But if it can field all the criticisms and make new predictions, progress must be noted. One thing that is omitted above is a proper treatment of the diversity of research done in this field, as I have tried to look at the bigger picture. The picture is overall a highly deterministic one and rejecting this aspect is a common motivation for some of the more valid criticisms. Rose Rose point out that there is no account taken of plasticity and the dynamic complex nature of living systems (Archer, 2001 pp428 429). And as a final note, volitional action is still considered one of the things that makes us human, our behaviour seems under-determined by genetic mechanisms, something may be being left out. Bibliography: General note to reader: Where philosophical literature has been cited, exact page references have been omitted intentionally, in the belief that all references made are simply interpretations of their work. If my interpretation is deemed correct, the insight belongs to the referee, if deemed incorrect then I am simply mistaken. Archer, J. et al. (2001) Evolving Theories of Behaviour, in ‘The Psychologist’, 14(8): 414 431. Badcock, C.R. (2000) Evolutionary Psychology: a critical introduction; Blackwell, Polity Press Buss, D.E. (1990) – Evolutionary Social Psychology: prospects and pitfalls; in ‘Motivation and Emotion’, 14: 265-286. Buller Hardcastle (2000) Evolutionary Psychology, Meet Developmental Neurobiology: Against Promiscuous Modularity; in ‘Brain and Mind’ 1: 307–325: Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Cosmides Tooby (1997) Evolutionary Psychology: a primer: (psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/primer.html) Copyright John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, Updated January 13, 1997 Cosmides, L. (1989) The Logic of Social Exchange: has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task; in Cognition 31: 187-276 (2001) Interview with Alvaro Fischer and Roberto Araya for the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio (psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/ledainterview.htm); part of a project entitled New Paradigms at the Beginning of the Third Millenium. Fodor, J. (1983) The Modularity of Mind: an essay on faculty psychology Cambridge, Mass. ; London : MIT Press Hume, D (1975) Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals; L.A Selby-Bigge: Third Edition, Oxford, Clarendon Press. Kuhn, T. S (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions; Second edition: Chicago, University of Chicago Press. (1977) The Essential Tension. Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press . Lakatos, I. (1976) Proofs and refutations: the logic of mathematical discovery; edited by John Worrall and Elie Zahar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Laland Brown (2002) Sense and Nonsense: evolutionary perspectives on human behaviour; Clarendon, Oxford University Press. Miller, D. (1994) – Critical Rationalism: a restatement and defence; Chicago: Open court Popper, K. (1972) Conjectures and Refutations; Fourth Edition: Routledge Kegan Paul Limited Research Papers on Evolutionary Psychology As A Unifying - Research PaperThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneGenetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesStandardized TestingAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Competing Values Framework tes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Competing Values Framework tes - Research Paper Example One of the dimensions related to organizational focus ranging from internal emphasis on staffs within an organization to the external focus that covers the outward relations of the organization. Their second dimension was concerned with differences between control and stability versus flexibility and change (Hamm 1993). The framework has other important aspects in addition to its original role as a leadership tool. It is a relevant tool for use across all levels within an organization. Scholars developed its name because initially, the four models that form as its pillars seemed to carry conflicting messages. Stakeholders desired to have adaptable, flexible, stable, and controlled organizations at the same time. Core Assumptions The Competing Values Framework consists of four quadrants. The first segment is the internal process model. This model bases on hierarchy, documentation, emphasises measurement, and management of information. The four processes are responsible for enhancing c ontrol and stability. It is essential to note that hierarchies function well when time is not an important factor and when an employee has sufficient knowledge about the requirements of the job. The second quadrant is the open systems model (O’Neill 1993). This model operates on organic system, readiness, resource acquisition and support, emphasises on adaptability, and growth. The processes do not control employees but inspires them. This efforts lead to staffs being innovative and creative. Rational goal model is the third core assumption of the Competing Values Model. The model centres on profit and emphasises on rational actions. The model has various assumptions that include a notion that proper planning and setting of goals leads to productivity and efficiency. The plan of action in this case, entails clarification of tasks, setting of objectives, and taking action. The final assumption is the human relations model (Hooijberg 996). This model puts a lot of emphasis on c ohesion and morale among employees. Motivation of employees according to the model comes from efficient training programs for employees. It considers employees as constituents of the organization existing in a common social system. The Competing Values Framework considers the four models that appear different and disjointed as a unit. They are related and interconnected. They fall under one large domain of organizational and managerial effectiveness. They are the invisible values that propel people, policies, and programs. Organizations live and die because of them. Application The Competing Values Framework applies in many areas within institutions and business organizations. It applies to individual styles, assess communication within organizations, and serves as a tool to analyse the degree of leadership. It helps in developing and building organizational culture for adoption by employees. This creates core competences necessary for success of a particular company. The human reso urces department within the organization uses its efficiency design motivational schemes, employee selection criteria, and the quality of employees (Quinn and Rohrbaugh 1983). The management of organizations can use the same to develop the best human resource practices, organizational capabilities, and develop change patterns. These developments are important when setting financial performance. The values of the framework apply across all ranks within organizati

Financial Upheavals. Financial crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Upheavals. Financial crisis - Essay Example The aftermaths of any such business cycle may vary from being modest to remorseless hinging upon its magnitude and continuance. History show that the American economy has moved through periods of boom, recession and recovery. The years 1837, 1893 and 1929 help retrace the occurrence of three major depressions in United States (Calomiris 2010). The downturns of 1857, 1873, and 1907 are also referred in the history books (Rothbard 2002). The America of 1819 and the financial crisis its people went through was only the first of speculative cacoethes which is America's true national interest (Maloney 2009). But then again, the Great Recession of 2008 is the latest financial turmoil in the United States, the twinges of which are still being sensed. Both these financial upheavals resemble one another with respect to their causes and consequences. For instance, they headed to extended bank failures, loan foreclosures, high unemployment rates and a depression in manufacturing sector. The cau ses of the panic of 1819 can be assigned to the economic system of the United States (Rothbard 2002). The panic of 1819 ended the tremendous economic expansion that occurred after the War of 1812. Rampant inflation, debtors’ relief which was constantly associated with monetary strategies and a protective tariff on imports worked as a pivotal point in creating the situation of panic in the US at that time. Whereas, the oncoming of the Recession of 2008 can be assigned to complicated and interconnected constituents. Sub-prime loans, lax financial regulation, loose monetary policy and global instabilities collectively induced the latest financial upheaval that caused entire world staggering. This suggests that there were more than one element that sparked off the two financial upheavals discussed above. Among those major causal elements, monetary policy played a key role to trigger the financial turmoils. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast these two historic fi nancial upheavals; the earliest and the latest to have rocked the United States of America with special emphasis on the role of the monetary policy in each case. The Panic of 1819 The major causes of the panic of 1819 were delved within the US economy. Similar to so much of what is disastrous to civilized society, the Panic of 1819 had been produced in the violent agitation particularly of the War of 1812. The young American economy confronted many rapid breakdowns that were brought by the War of 1812 and its consequences. United States previously had been a big country with a thin population of around seven million which were mostly committed solely to agriculture. Many agricultural products such as wheat, cotton, and tobacco were exported across borders, although the residual of the agricultural products was mostly consumed by self-sustaining rural families. Public debt held by Americans during the war of 1812 induced the prices rise throughout the United States. At that time, the monetary system of the country was not advance or highly-developed. The American banks were restricted almost entirely to the cities and their tools and methods to run the economy inclined to be lax with insignificant Government control. The reality, that most banks and other institutions of that era had to acquire their position by exceptional legislative charter, tempted inquisitive and high-risk misuses through exerting force on the legislature. All this resulted in an inadequacy of uniformity in administering banks within and among states. The emergence of the First Bank of the United States had regulated the banks towards uniformity until the year 1811. Irresponsible and mismanaged banking system had played a crucial role in creating that panic. From 1811 to

Data flow diagram Essay Example for Free

Data flow diagram Essay Current state of Technology, statement of the major and minor problems, general and specific objectives, scope and limitation are introduced and discussed in this documentation’s chapter 1. Theoretical framework is stated in chapter 2. This chapter 2 is where methodologies including references and models used in developing Sales and Inventory System are discussed. Essential discussion and introduction for Prosight Eyecare Provider Sales and Inventory System are stated in chapter 3, as well as the diagram needed in developing effective and normalized database and the system itself. Eyecare Provider Inventory and Sales System is an inventory system and Sales System that small business transaction . This is to handle sales, purchasing and inventory management. It helps to organize customer purchase order, By using this, Prosight Eyecare Provider Inventory and Sales System, business can helps for less effort. It offers faster and quicker inventory management that counts the movement of stocks for all the accounts and transaction made. 1.2 Statement of the Problem. Develop module to return products include replacement for returned items automatically. To develop modules to void item need administrator for reduce to purchase an item. To develop modules to purchase item need type a product code for include a purchase order and it computes as well. To develop modules to received a purchase products for show of all purchase every invoice. Scope and Limitation The system is all about Prosight Eyecare Provider Sales and Inventory System. The scopes of the system are the following: Tracking of purchase order, receiving purchase order and return of products to supplier. All transaction will be recorded. Reports needed for the inventory can also be generated by the system. The system is capable of tracking and monitoring of stocks. Inventory will be automatically calculated for every transaction that may affect the inventory. Reorder point is also generated by the system. Purchase item it will be automatic put the inventory records The systems’ functionality will only be limited for the sales and inventory of Prosight Eyecare Provider. Accounting system of the business is not included in the system.

Apple Inc Marketing Case Study Marketing Essay

Apple Inc Marketing Case Study Marketing Essay Apple was founded by Steven Wozniak and Steven Jobs in 1976. The company was founded by releasing the first successful mass-produced personal computer. Steve Wozniak designed the Apple I design was his addition to the success of Apple. Steve Jobs recognized the potential market for the personal computer. Their combined talents created the successful start of the company. The technology market is fast paced and Apple has shown growth and innovation to stay at the forefront of this market. The company has expanded from the Apple I and desktop computers to mobile computers, PDAs, MP3 players, and most recently the mobile phone market. Innovation has been a key role in the success of Apple As a business strategy, Apple leverages its ability, through the design and development of its own operating system, hardware, and many software applications and technologies, to bring to its customers around the world compelling new products and solutions with superior ease-of-use, seamless integration, and innovative industrial design. This strategy has worked well for the company since it first opened. Apple has been able to create brand strength by focusing on a limited number of products ensuring that they are high quality. They have focused on their innovative strength playing up the release of their product by keeping them behind closed doors and when ready Steve Jobs announces and demonstrates the product which creates an excitement in consumers waiting to see what the latest and greatest technology will be. Apple has also built a customer loyalty not seen in its competition. With the recent releasing of the i products, iMac, iPod, iTouch, and iPhone loyal consumers have been referred to as icustomers due to their loyalty to the brand. Apple has used the i product to create a Halo effect for its other products. Using the lower cost products like iPods to show the ease-of-use and high quality of products that Apple produces to create a selling point for higher end products like their desktops. The Apple Company has also created partnerships with their competitors which has strengthened the company. Rather than use time researching and developing some products like Google maps and YouTube, Apple has incorporated the already market saturated applications in their products. The time and funds are better served researching and developing the next product that will wow the market. Apples overall financial standing is forward moving and shows good growth. Net income has constantly increased each year with an average 38.1% growth over the past three years. In 2004 Apple eliminated the $300 million of long-term debt it had outstanding resulting in no long-term debt reported from 2003 to 2007. This debt was eliminated without funding reduction in other areas of the company. Strategic Weaknesses Apple is the market share leader for MP3 players and smart phones, but is far below the market shares of its competitors in computers. Apple held only 8.5% of the market share in the second quarter of 2008 compared to Dell Inc at 31.9% and Hewlett-Packard at 25.3%. In 2007 Apple held only 6.4% of the market compared to Dell Inc at 27.9% and Hewlett-Packard at 25.8%. Apples sales have been made up of an average of 46% of their total net sales from 2004 to 2007. When the market share dropped in 2007 sales still increase for the overall but was due to increases in iPod sales and other music-related products and services that had significant increases that year. The low market share in 2007 can be explained by the economic recession. Consumers in a weak economy look towards the less expensive options available which shifts the market towards Apples competitors Dell and Hewlett-Packard. Apples products do have some degree of cannibalization. Each product line has offering for different cost based markets and the differentiation of products has started to blur. iPods serve a low price market, iTouch serve a midrange market and the computers represent a high price market. The technology market fluctuates very strongly with the economy, so with a down turning economy iPods would cannibalize the sales of the iTouch product. iPhones also incorporate a music player eliminating the need for both the mobile phone and music player. Still sales of each item have shown an overall growth each year in the market with exception to computers. Below is a table representing the percent increase of sales that Apple has in desktops and laptops. The overall growth percentage of sales has fluctuated but comparing years with similar percentages of growth, 2005 and 2007 show that laptops have cannibalized desktops. In 2005 desktop sales had a 35.5% growth by units from the prior year and laptops only increase by 7.3%. In 2007 desktops growth per units sold was only 10.3% and laptops increased 33.8% from the prior year. Apple will see a common trend for iPods in relationship to iPhones and other products that incorporate music players in future years. % Unit Sale Increase from Prior Year 2007 2006 2005 2004 Desktops 10.3% -3.5% 35.5% -8.1% Laptops 33.8% 29.8% 7.3% 24.8% Total Macintosh 24.7% 4.5% 27.4% 8.4% Another weakness Apple has is issues that have surrounded new product releases. In 2001 when the first iPod was released it was criticized for its short battery life which lead to lawsuit filed for misrepresenting the battery life. Again in 2005 with the release of the Nano customers complained about the devices reporting that they would freeze up, stop functioning, and that the products casing was very susceptible to scratches. Despite the poor product releases the iPods consumers still found the product to be a quality product and iPods still held the top market share of MP3s. In 2007 the second generation of iPhone was released and the price was lowered to $399. This was described as larger-than-normal price drop in a short period of time and had consumers speculating that Apple had unfair pricing. These issues that Apple has faced with product releases show that there is a flaw in Apples research and development process. If Apple was to experience a recall on its products or cont inues to have issues like these for its new products their products will no longer be seen as high quality and will create a fear in consumers to wait to purchase Apple products until they know that it doesnt have any issues. The final weakness that Apple has is its reliance on Steve Jobs as CEO. It wasnt until Steve Jobs returned with his expanded role with Apple that it started showing consistency in the forward successful movement to achieve the companys strategic objectives. Between 1981 and 1997 Apple was under the direction of six different chief executive officers. In 1997 Steve Jobs was given an expanded role and in 2000 became the official CEO. Starting in 1997 Steve Jobs made many changes including, a new board of directors, initiated aggressive advertising campaign, created an alliance with Microsoft ending their legal dispute, start an e-commerce for consumer direct sales, and releasing the iMAC a product for the lower-end consumer market. After 2000 and the official announcement that Steve Jobs would be Apples CEO he continued to expand on the successes releasing the iPod which opened up the music industry to the company and many additional opportunities over the next years. Apple needs a lea der like Steve Jobs to keep the company on a forward moving path using its strategic plan. The other CEOs that Apple has had have not been able implement the strategic plan like Steve Jobs who co-founded the company. Recommendations Apples low market share exists due to its higher price and software compatibility. In 1997 Steve Jobs started to close the software compatibility gap by creating an alliance with Microsoft who agreed to make Windows available to Mac users. Apple will not reduce its price, at least not enough to compete with Dell or Hewlett-Packard, the products price is part of the brand image as a quality and innovative product. I would recommend Apple attempt to keep their market share at 8% or higher for the computer market. To achieve this Apple should use smaller price reductions that would not effect product perception. Other than price reduction the only way for Apple to increase market share would be to create a new innovative product related to the computer market. Pretty much, Apple and Dell are the only ones in this industry making money. They make it by being Wal-Mart. We make it by innovation. Steve Jobs In relation to Apples products and the potential for cannibalization between them I would recommend research and development of a software product that can allow you to share files, music, and applications between the products. Currently Apple offers MobileMe for a $99/year fee for a service that can be accessed through applications on a consumers iPhone, iTouch, or Mac that provides 20 GB of off site storage. Verse this option that is competing with free versions like DropBox I am recommending a wireless sync between products so files can be moved quickly and conveniently between the products with a simple touch. Moving music, presentations, or pictures between the devices with easy would help build value in owning multiple products in similar markets. My next recommendation would be to assess Apples research and development process. The release problems that Apple has experienced show an effect on sales and effect the high quality brand name that Apple has worked hard at maintaining. Currently Apple only uses 3% of net sales for research and development. I would suggest taking more time and using more funds in necessary to ensure that the products they release will not continue to this trend of negative product releases. My last recommendation would be to lay the ground work for Steve Jobs replacement. I would recommended using someone already working for Apple that understands the strategic plan and foster a mentorship for this person for a few years to create a smooth transition. I would recommend if a all possible for Steve Jobs to not just exit the company but remain in an advisor position as part of the companys board to ensure that his successor remains on track to achieve the strategic objectives that have make Apple a successful company. Comments/Observations/Questions Amazon opening Droid application store Apple announced a few days ago, Bertrand Serlet, a senior software engineer at the company since the return of Chief Executive Officer Steve Jobs in 1997 and a main architect of the Mac operating system was leaving Apple 2007 around the same year of the iPod release and iTV Apple dropped Computers from company name.

Inventory System

A perpetual inventory tracking system is a method of immediately accounting for inventory sales in the inventory account, if there is no theft or spoilage. It is an inventory management system where store balances of inventory are recorded after every transaction. It eliminates the need for the store to close down constantly for inventory stock-taking as perpetual inventory systems allow for continuous stock-taking. Perpetual inventory systems keep a running account of the company's inventory. Perpetual inventory systems involve more record-keeping than periodic inventory systems.Every inventory item is kept on a separate ledger. These inventory ledgers contain information on cost of goods sold, purchases, and inventory on hand. Perpetual inventory management systems allow for a high degree of control of the company's inventory by management. Perpetual inventory management is generally used by companies who have the ability to scan the inventory items sold and who use  point-of-sal e inventory systems. Perpetual inventory systems provide the business owner with a record of what is sold, where it was sold from, when it was sold, and for what price it was sold.As a result, it allows for businesses to have more than one location with one centralized inventory management system. Even with a perpetual inventory management system, the company still needs to shut down at least annually to do a periodic, or manual, inventory count. The scanned data should tell the business owner exactly what inventory should be on hand. The major advantage of doing a periodic inventory count is to determine how much inventory has been lost, stolen, or subject to spoilage.What is a Periodic Inventory System? A periodic inventory system does not require day-to-day tracking of physical inventory. Purchases, cost of goods sold, and inventory on hand cannot be tracked until the end of the accounting time period when a physical inventory is performed and ending inventory is compared against the sum of beginning inventory and purchases. Cost of ending inventory can be calculated by using the  LIFO or FIFO inventory accounting methods, or other less common methods. Inventory System Janes (2001) stated that computers are extremely reliable device and very powerful calculators with some great accessories applications like word processing problem for all of business activities, regardless of size, computers have three advantages over other type of office equipment that process information because computer are faster, more accurate more economical Reyes (2005) task would be time consuming to accomplish manually and more practical with the aid of computers field in cabinet.Dioso (2001) stated    that computer assist    careful intelligent planning, organizing, actuating and controlling . This maybe observed from the past that they monitor production activities, solve scientific problem and help arrive in tentative answer to a multitude of involve conditions. Ralph M. Stair (1999) emphasized that the development of technology through the years have enabled us to do more with less effort. From the orientation of the light bulb to the industrial revolution and beyo nd, we have continuously tried to in a more efficient means of doing tasks.Lewis (2002) stated that the reason for using computers vary from person to person. Some of the computers in business are to perform accuracy, to be as productivity, to decrease bottle necks or hassles to alter cash flows or to simples elevate your status. Sybex    Inc (1999) stated that visual basic provide a graphical environment in which the users usually designed the forms and control that become the building block of tour application . Visual Basic support many useful tools that will help the user more productivity. Computerize sales and inventory systemComputers began from a wild imaginative idea to the world’s highly prioritized tool. Computers today are now used as a substitute to manual processes and other past inventions like the radio, television, etc. It is now used by people for much simpler, easier and faster way to do things. Some used it as a hobby, and some use it as a job. Technolog y has never stopped from advancing through the years. Its new innovations helps answer the people’s further complex questions. Why not use these advantages to benefit ourselves? Many people use computers in their daily lives.Some use it for transactions, some use it for educational purposes and others use it for data storage. Though it might sound unnecessary but in some cases when storing a file for such a big company, can you manage it properly? Organizing, finding a file, etc. With computers, it can help you simplify the process of storing and managing the files you need for future use and make finding files easier than the manual process. A Proposed Sales and Inventory System In business like merchandising, Sales and Inventory system plays an important role.It is used to track all the transactions made by the business and responsible for monitoring the items supplies. All the business transactions must be properly recorded and must be fully secured by password. A Computer ized system is the best solution and most innovative answer for their needs. The researchers had been motivated to do a study on this topic according to the above observation. The result may help others to understand more about computer-generated data processing, especially on how to deal with computers in terms of speed, accuracy and data security Inventory System This chapter of a thesis commences a brief statement and enumerating the main topics that are to be covered in it; namely;1) Research Design; 2) Sources of Data (Locale of the Study and Population/Sampling); 3) Instrumentation and Data Collection; and 4) Tools for Data Analysis.Research DesignThe appropriate research design should be specified and described.A research design encompasses the methodology and procedure employed to conduct scientific research. The design of a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review, meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g.: descriptive-longitudinal case study), research question and hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design if applicable, data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan.Sources of DataDescribe the locale of the study and the research population.Locale of the Study Describes the place where the study was conducted and the rationale behind its choice. Popu lation/Sampling Describe the population of interest and the sampling of subjects used in the study. Instrumentation and Data CollectionDescribe the instrument, what it will measure, how to interpret, to whom it will be administered and if it is necessary, describe how it will be administered. Discuss how the validity and the reliability will be established. Specify the level of reliability (probability). Give details of instruction given to assistants if persons other than the researcher gather data. State qualifications of informants if used in the study.Tools for Data Analysis Determine and justify the statistical treatment for each sub-problem Determine and justify the scales of values used and the descriptive equivalent ratings, if any.In thesis writing, the most difficult part to defend is Chapter 4 because it is inthis section where you will present the results of the whole study. Here is a sample thesis format.In thesis writing, the most difficult part to defend is Chapter 4 because it is in this section where you will present the results of the whole study. Here is a sample thesis format.CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATAPresentation of DataPresent the findings of the study in the order of the specific problem as stated in the statement of the Problem. Present the data in these forms: Tabular Textual Graphical (optional) The ZOOM LENS approach may be used for purposes of clarity in the presentation of data, i.e. general to particular, macro to micro or vice versa.Analysis of the DataData may be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively depending on the level of measurement and the number of dimensions and variables of the study. Analyze in depth to give meaning to the data presented in the data presented in the table. Avoid table reading. State statistical descriptions in declarative sentences, e.g. in the studies involving:Correlation State level of correlation State whether positive or negative Indicate the level of significa nce Make a decision Differences of Measures State the obtained statistical results Indicate the level of significance of the difference Make a decision Interpretation of Data1. Establish interconnection between and among data 2. Check for indicators whether hypothesis/esis/are supported or not by findings. 3. Link the present findings with the previous literature. 4. Use parallel observations with contemporary events to give credence presented in the introduction. 5. Draw out implications.In thesis writing, the Chapter is simply a summary of what the researcher had done all throughout the whole research. The following format serves as a sample:CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSSummary of Findings This describes the problem, research design, and the findings (answer to the questions raised). The recommended format is the paragraph form instead of the enumeration form. For each of the problems, present:The salient findings, The results of the hypothesis tested Conclusions These are brief, generalized statements in answer to the general and each of the specific sub-problems. These contain generalized in relation to the population. These are general inferences applicable to a wider and similar population. Flexibility is considered in making of conclusions. It is not a must to state conclusions on a one-to-one correspondence with the problems and the findings as all variables can be subsume in one paragraph. Conclusions may be used as generalizations from a micro to a macro-level or vice versa (ZOOM LENS approach).Recommendations They should be based on the findings and conclusion of the study. Recommendations may be specific or general or both. They may include suggestions for fu rther studies. They should be in non-technical (skilled) language.They should be feasible, workable, flexible, doable, adaptable. An action plan is optional. Inventory System A perpetual inventory tracking system is a method of immediately accounting for inventory sales in the inventory account, if there is no theft or spoilage. It is an inventory management system where store balances of inventory are recorded after every transaction. It eliminates the need for the store to close down constantly for inventory stock-taking as perpetual inventory systems allow for continuous stock-taking. Perpetual inventory systems keep a running account of the company's inventory. Perpetual inventory systems involve more record-keeping than periodic inventory systems.Every inventory item is kept on a separate ledger. These inventory ledgers contain information on cost of goods sold, purchases, and inventory on hand. Perpetual inventory management systems allow for a high degree of control of the company's inventory by management. Perpetual inventory management is generally used by companies who have the ability to scan the inventory items sold and who use  point-of-sal e inventory systems. Perpetual inventory systems provide the business owner with a record of what is sold, where it was sold from, when it was sold, and for what price it was sold.As a result, it allows for businesses to have more than one location with one centralized inventory management system. Even with a perpetual inventory management system, the company still needs to shut down at least annually to do a periodic, or manual, inventory count. The scanned data should tell the business owner exactly what inventory should be on hand. The major advantage of doing a periodic inventory count is to determine how much inventory has been lost, stolen, or subject to spoilage.What is a Periodic Inventory System? A periodic inventory system does not require day-to-day tracking of physical inventory. Purchases, cost of goods sold, and inventory on hand cannot be tracked until the end of the accounting time period when a physical inventory is performed and ending inventory is compared against the sum of beginning inventory and purchases. Cost of ending inventory can be calculated by using the  LIFO or FIFO inventory accounting methods, or other less common methods. Inventory System Janes (2001) stated that computers are extremely reliable device and very powerful calculators with some great accessories applications like word processing problem for all of business activities, regardless of size, computers have three advantages over other type of office equipment that process information because computer are faster, more accurate more economical Reyes (2005) task would be time consuming to accomplish manually and more practical with the aid of computers field in cabinet.Dioso (2001) stated    that computer assist    careful intelligent planning, organizing, actuating and controlling . This maybe observed from the past that they monitor production activities, solve scientific problem and help arrive in tentative answer to a multitude of involve conditions. Ralph M. Stair (1999) emphasized that the development of technology through the years have enabled us to do more with less effort. From the orientation of the light bulb to the industrial revolution and beyo nd, we have continuously tried to in a more efficient means of doing tasks.Lewis (2002) stated that the reason for using computers vary from person to person. Some of the computers in business are to perform accuracy, to be as productivity, to decrease bottle necks or hassles to alter cash flows or to simples elevate your status. Sybex    Inc (1999) stated that visual basic provide a graphical environment in which the users usually designed the forms and control that become the building block of tour application . Visual Basic support many useful tools that will help the user more productivity. Computerize sales and inventory systemComputers began from a wild imaginative idea to the world’s highly prioritized tool. Computers today are now used as a substitute to manual processes and other past inventions like the radio, television, etc. It is now used by people for much simpler, easier and faster way to do things. Some used it as a hobby, and some use it as a job. Technolog y has never stopped from advancing through the years. Its new innovations helps answer the people’s further complex questions. Why not use these advantages to benefit ourselves? Many people use computers in their daily lives.Some use it for transactions, some use it for educational purposes and others use it for data storage. Though it might sound unnecessary but in some cases when storing a file for such a big company, can you manage it properly? Organizing, finding a file, etc. With computers, it can help you simplify the process of storing and managing the files you need for future use and make finding files easier than the manual process. A Proposed Sales and Inventory System In business like merchandising, Sales and Inventory system plays an important role.It is used to track all the transactions made by the business and responsible for monitoring the items supplies. All the business transactions must be properly recorded and must be fully secured by password. A Computer ized system is the best solution and most innovative answer for their needs. The researchers had been motivated to do a study on this topic according to the above observation. The result may help others to understand more about computer-generated data processing, especially on how to deal with computers in terms of speed, accuracy and data security

Balanced Scorecards at BIOCO Essay

An Analysis of, â€Å"Case Study 7-2: Balanced Scorecards at BIOCO† BIOCO has realized from its use of balanced scorecards that the company has been able to open communication channels, where common goals are established throughout the whole company. Employees are able to view the company’s value drivers, such as financial performance. The Chief Intelligence Officer (CIO) believed that that balanced scorecards helped employees to not only look at their own departments operations, but the overall operations within the company. The Vice President believed that the scorecards helped all employees understand the overall goals of the company within their own departments. Balanced scorecards also helped the IT department interpret the other business areas within the company. The scorecards helped create an internal perspective that outlined the goals and the measures of the company. Balanced Scorecards allowed every employee at BIOCO to know what the company was excelling at, and where the company demanded resources be integrated in order to excel. The BIOCO way was effective in aiding the IT department to coordinate its goals with that of the company, because every employee through balanced scorecards were able to see the operations and key driver goals of the IT department. Employees could see whether the IT projects were effective and on track. Also, the IT department could see the operations and goals of other business areas within the company. If IT was working on a project to implement information systems (IS) in a certain business area/department, they could review the balanced scorecards to see the kind of goals and operations utilized within that department. IT can then align the IS with the business strategy of a certain department by viewing these scorecards. The BIOCO approach could be successfully integrated into large organizations, and considered a useful communication tool. This tool would be utilized by management to integrate the business strategy with the organizational structure. Creating goals based on customer perspective, internal business perspective, innovating and learning perspective, and financial perspective would be the first step (Pearlson & Saunders, 2013). The next step will include making adjustments to gauge  performance goals accurately. For example, a large firm may gauge how customers perspective by monitoring their reputation within the market, or they will review the impact of projects on its’ users (Pearlson & Saunders, 2013). After a large organization finds a way to measure goals, they will have to create a corporate strategy map. The map will have balanced scorecards that descend throughout the whole company. The map will have to include company, division, region, district, store, and department balanced scorecards. The only way the BIONCO approach will be useful with a new CEO is if that CEO does not see any change needed within the organization or very little change is needed. If changes should occur goal perspectives will have to be adjusted, and how they are measured will have to be adjusted as well. In order to implement new values, they must change the whole BIONCO way approach to mirror those values. If the values differ immensely from the past CEO, a new approach may be needed all together. The new CEO may want to change the whole business strategy all together to emphasize the IS system. In this case the new CEO may utilize an IT dashboard instead. The BIONCO way will have to be altered to some length in order to be successful, because the CEO will most likely want to change some perspectives of the business. References Pearlson, Keri and Saunders, Carol. Managing & Using Information Systems. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. Print.