Gilgamesh And The Coming Of Enkidu Analysis - 1783 Words

EPISODE 1: Gilgamesh and the Coming of Enkidu [Tablets from 1-2] A. Gilgamesh was both builder and an adventurer. He had a number of journeys that endangered the people in Uruk. The story begins with his last journey. Uruk’s young fellows have a huge issue because of the danger that comes from the King’ B. Enkidu was conceived in the wild among wild creatures whom he become a close acquaintence with and saved from herders traps. To free themselves of this animal, the herders requested a sanctuary whore to be sent from Uruk. A woman did arrive and promptly tempted Enkidu. For seven days they spoke Latin to each other. [Until as of late sexual points of interest were converted into Latin as opposed to English. Alexander Heidels†¦show more content†¦At the point when the legends achieved the Entryway to the Timberland Enkidu once more forewarned against section since that would require murdering Humbaba, a being working specifically under the directions of Enlil. Gilgamesh demanded. C. There took after a fight in which the two slaughtered Humbaba. They continued to reap the timber and buoy it downriver to Uruk. D. Their arrival to Uruk was a happy minute. They had fulfilled an incredible accomplishment and obtained wood of colossal esteem. EPISODE 3: The Bull of Heaven [Tablet from 6] A. Ishtar [Inanna] offered herself to Gilgamesh. He offended her with an inventory of her mistakes and references to her treatment of her past consorts. Gilgameshs refusal of the goddesses offer may well have been spurred by a hesitance to challenge the expert of the present Ruler of Kish. Marriage to Inanna was the methods by which one Lord stated his claim to sovereignty of all Sumer. See the Evolution of the Heieors Gamos Ritual is an odd name for the investigation of the Incomparable Goddess. Part II depicts the Holy Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi with a striking and maybe excessively strict interpretation. Try not to get to this segment on the off chance that you are humiliated by realistic portrayals of custom sexuality. Samuel Noah Kramer in The Hallowed Marriage offers an interpretation of the custom as utilized as a part of the rise of Ruler Shulgi to the Incomparable Majesty. B. Ishtars Outrage. She rose to ParadiseShow MoreRelatedExamples Of Character Development In The Epic Of Gilgamesh1541 Words   |  7 PagesCharacter analysis shows us a timeline on where and how the character has evolved. An example of this is the ancient Mesopotamia epic poem â€Å" The Epic of Gilgamesh†. There is no known author for this work, however, it is often known as the earliest surviving great works of literature. It’s not called â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† for nothing, Gilgamesh is shown in almost every part of the Poem. Him being the protagonist, really shows us, the audience, how much his character grew. In â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† thereRead MoreAnalyzing the Epic of Gilgamesh by F. Lorey through a Creationists Viewpoint818 Words   |  4 PagesEpic of Gilgamesh Annotated Bibliography Lorey, F. 1997. The Flood of Noah and the Flood of Gilgamesh. Acts Facts. 26 (3) Web. 4 Feb. 2014. When reading the story, someone can take many different viewpoints. In the article above, the author is analyzing the Epic of Gilgamesh through a creationists view point. It contains useful comparisons and historical data to help support his analysis. The author considers the story to hold very value for Christians. It concerns the typical myths that wereRead MoreGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh909 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† is a didactic story set out to expose the inevitability of death. The true meaning of this story is sometimes overlooked because the story is told in heighten language not easily understood. The epic hero in this story is Gilgamesh; he undertakes a quest for knowledge which is overshadowed by his ignorance. The tragic death of Enkidu, Gilgamesh’s trusted companion forces the epic hero to change his perception of death. To o vercome great obstacles one must be willing to putRead MoreThe Search for Immortality in the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pagessurrounding immortality transcends time and a plethora of cultures. The theme, immortality appears in stories from the Epic of Gilgamesh, which was composed by ancient Sumerians roughly around 600 B.C., to present day works of fiction in the twenty first century. Gilgamesh, a figure of celestial stature, allows his mortal side to whittle away his power after the death of Enkidu. Undeniably, defenseless before the validity of his own end, he leaves Uruk and begins a quest for Utnapishtim; the mortal manRead MoreComparing The Epic Of Gilgamesh1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is a Sumerian epic of the great king Gilgamesh and his deeds on Earth in ancient mesopotamia and in the city of Uruk. It is an important historical text because it is one of the oldest western epics and because it explains much about how the ancient Sumerian s viewed the Gods (Mark). The epic contains the tells of Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Utnapishtim, and many Gods and Goddesses of ancient Sumeria specifically Ishtar, the Goddess of love. In the tale Gilgamesh is created by the Gods

Gender And Gender Roles Have On Human Beings - 2160 Words

Abstract This paper will explore the world of gender and its social and cultural importance in western society. focusing more on the discrimination and negative impacts that gender stereotyping and socialized gender roles have on human beings as a whole. This includes the limitations that women and men are living with to this day in their homes, work and school. starting from birth gender shapes everyones world and gives them a glass ceiling that only a few pioneers have hit and shattered in the last few years. (MacQueen, 2003, pg. 2) At home women and men are put into very differing parenting roles based on genitalia instead of personal wants and goals in their respective lives. If a man wants children and enjoy being around them that may†¦show more content†¦There is a difference between being treated equally and being treated fairly, a fact that parents with more than one child will stress. A fact that is untrue because equality with fairness is not true equality. Fairness is bein g treated based on ones own abilities instead of any previous prejudices, and is an important part of the equality the world strives towards. This is still something very far out of reach though, especially in the area of gender. Despite the progress that has been reached in the last few year things are still not good enough to reach to full equality. Gender may mean less today than ever in history . . . but it still means plenty. Boys and girls . . . may be heading today toward the same bright future, but they continue to travel on a divided highway (MacQueen, 2003, pg. 2) Women are still treated differently, and in many cases worse, than men in many areas based on the old preconception that women and men are fundamentally different and made of different things. Only the other side of the coin Men have very rigid limits to their potential as they are expected to embrace and be the epitome of masculinity, limiting their abilities as parents, friends, teachers and anything they wish to do that isn t specifically masculine. (Hirsch, 2011, pg. 3) The saying that girls are made of sugar spice and everything nice while boys are made of snips, snails and puppy dog tails is something simple

Global Developments and Analysis System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Global Developments and Analysis System. Answer: Introduction Insider trading refers to the buying or selling of the securities of the company by such an individual who has the access to the confidential or material personal information regarding such securities of the company. Depending upon when such trade was made, the insider trading could be lawful or unlawful. Particularly when the material confidential information is still not made public, the trading is illegal. Every jurisdiction has different insider trading norms and in the following parts, the insider trading norms as are applicable in Australia and Hong Kong have been highlighted to draw a comparison between them. The insider trading laws of Australia is covered under Division 3s Part 7.10 of the Corporations Act, 2001. Further, these laws are enforced by the ASIC, i.e., the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. On the other hand, the laws related to insider trading in Hong Kong are covered under Division 4, Part XIII under the civil regime, and for the criminal regime, under Division 2 and Part IV of the Securities and Futures Ordinance[4]. Further, these are controlled by the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong. In both these jurisdictions, there are four traditional premises to validate the exclusion, and these are four are (a) the fiduciary duty theory, (b) the misappropriation or fraud theory, (c) the market integrity theory and (d) the equal access to information theory. The fiduciary duty theory cannot be applied to such an individual who is not lawfully fiduciary for instance the major shareholders. Though, in both the jurisdictions, it was recently observed that it is more based on the market integrity theory and the fraud theory. For Australia, the case of Regina v Xiao[6] was the one in which the MD of the company had confessed to insider trading and got 8 years as jail term which was the longest sentence in insider trading cases in the nation. Here, the emphasis of Hall J was laid on fraud and cheating. Similarly, in the Hong Kong case of HKSAR v Du Jun[7], the Hong Kong Court of Appeal awarded a 6.3 years as jail term based on the English case of Regina v Christopher McQuoid[8] on the basis of cheating/ fraud element. There is a similarity in the central composition of these two systems as the jurisdictions of both these entail civil and criminal provisions, as per which, a beach of insider trading provisions could attract both civil and criminal liabilities. In the Australian Regime, section 1042A of the Corporations Act provides a non-exhaustive definitive of financial products as any such financial product which can be traded on financial market[9]. In the regime of Hong Kong, the prohibition on insider trading is laid down on the derivatives or the listed securities. The listed securities are defined under section 245 of the Securities and Futures Ordinance, which is an exhaustive definitive and has to relate to listed companies[10]. Under both of these regimes, the information which is used needs to have material effect over the prices of the financial product or of securities. In the regime of Hong Kong, save for providing in case the information is in general known, it would likely have a major impact over the prices of the listed securities, does not have further provisions with regards to what the materially affect the price would mean and so, the case laws have to be referred where necessary. On the other hand, in the regime of Australia, the clarity is already given in provisions covered under section 1042D[11] and 1042A[12], where the former section puts a test, which is deemed as succinct, clear and straightforward. Also, for triggering the insider trading sections in the two jurisdictions, it is crucial to show that the confidential information which is utilized by the insider was inside information. And this is a key component of the insider informations definition in both of these regimes, particularl y with respect to the nature of information. The Australian requirement is that the information must not be available in a common manner, and for Hong Kong, the information must not be known to the persons in general manners, who are used to or who are likely to be dealing in the listed securities of that particularly organization[13]. There is a need for connection in the regime under Hong Kong, in between the company and the trader who possessed the insider information[14]. This majorly consisted of five groups of people, i.e., (a) the employees and directors of company, major shareholders, and related companies, (b) the people who had business relationship or were connected by profession, (c) the transactions of the counterparties which were privy to the insider information, (d) the specified individuals and the public officers, and (e) the individuals falling in (a) to (c) category in a period of six months from the particular violation[15]. The Griffiths Report of 1989, in Australian regime put forward the proposal for the elimination of connection obligation and this suggestion was not only upheld, but was also ratified in the law. Hence, under the present day insider trading provisions covered under the Corporations Act, the connection requirement has been given away with. The key difference between the two regimes is in the takeover aspects where the regime of Hong Kong singles out and also makes particularly detailed provisions for the takeover. On the other hand, the same is not done in the regime followed in Australia. Section 270(1)(b) of the Securities and Futures Ordinance specifically covers offeror or bidder of the takeover bid[16]. Conclusion To sum up the key points of this discussion, the insider trading laws of Australia and Hong Kong are majorly similar. However, there are certain aspects in which the insider trading laws of Hong Kong are behind the ones of Australia, particularly due to the dependence on connection. Even though the laws of Australia can be cited as being complex, but this complexity results in an effective framework to be present for the insider trading regime in the nation. Bibliography Ali PU and Gregoriou GN, Insider Trading: Global Developments and Analysis (CRC Press, 2008) Chan HK, Chan RSY, and Ho JKS, Enforcement of insider trading law in Hong Kong: What insights can we learn from recent convictions? (2013) 28 Aust Jnl of Corp Law 271. Donald DC, A Financial Centre for Two Empires: Hong Kong's Corporate, Securities and Tax Laws in its Transition from Britain to China (Cambridge University Press, 2014) Duffy MJ, Insider trading: Addressing the continuing prob-lems of proof (2009) 23 Aust Jnl of Corp Law 149. Yan A, Insider Dealing Law in Hong Kong (2013) Centre for Financial Regulation and Economic Development, Working Paper No. 13 https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2322774

Linguistics and Language Essay Example

Linguistics and Language Essay 1. The underlying assumptions, theories, and methods used by psychologiest, linguists, and researchers are believed to strongly affect the way each defines psycholinguistics. Please discuss some different conceptions of psycholinguistics in its relation to other branches of linguistics. Then, define yours. One of your reference should be â€Å"fundamentals of Pyscholinguistics by Fernandez and Cairns (2010)† OPsycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study in which the goals are to understand how people acquire language, how people use language to speak and understand one another, and how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science (Fernandez: 2011). OPsycholinguistics examines the psychology of language; psycholinguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguists study understanding, producing, and remembering language, and hence are concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language. (Harley, Trevor A. 2001. The Psychology of Language. ) OPsycholinguistic studies have revealed that many of the concepts employed in the analysis of sound structure, word structure, and sentence structure also play a role in language processing. However, an account of language processing also requires that we understand how these linguistic concepts interact with other aspects of human processing to enable language production and comprehension. ( William OGrady, et al. , Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001 OPsycholinguistics, there is a constant exchange of information between psycholinguists and those working in neurolinguistics, who study how language is represented in the brain. There are also close links with studies in artificial intelligence. Indeed, much of the early interest in l anguage processing derived from the AI goals of designing computer programs that can turn speech into writing and programs that can recognize the human voice. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2003) OPsycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973) Oâ€Å"†¦.. psycholinguists are interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which people must have in order to use language in childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I say â€Å"underlying knowledge and abilities† because language, like all systems of human knowledge, can only be inferred from the careful study of overt behavior. † (Dan Isaac Slobin: 1979) OBased on my reading, Psycholinguistics is study about language acquisition, language used one another, and study how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science. . Linguistic analysis might use similar language data or language corpuses as the object of analysis. Please give an example of language use which can be analyzed from different point of view, particularly from semantics, pragmatics, socialinguistics, discourse analysis, and psycholinguistics. Support your answer in term of their focuses of analysis. How are they similar, different, and how are they related one other. Linguisti cs study about human language as communication. In other hand, linguistics as fild of study that the object is language. Semantics is one of study that hand-in-hand with pragmatics. specializing in semantics studies, languageis study about the meaning of words, that is influenced by the context in which the words are presented. Semantics study how words are given meaning by their structure, tone, and the situation in which they are used.  ·Pragmatics is concerned with the role of context in the interpretation of meaning.  ·Pragmatics and semantics is different parts but the same general study. Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with people’s ability to use language meaningfully. While semantics is concerned with a speaker’s competence to use the language system in producing meaningful utterances and processing (comprehending).  ·Sociolinguistics a close neighbour of psycholinguistics, can be defined as the linguistic study dealing with the functioning of language in society. Sociolinguitics has to do with the study of language from the viewpoint of how social, regional, individual and historical aspects influence the language and its use in society which is specifically called speech community. OPsycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior. Psycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973)  ·Discourse Analysis is approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use. discourse analysis is, like descriptive linguistics, a way of studying language. It may be regarded as a set of techniques, rather than a theoretically predetermined system for the writing of linguistic rules. (Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Doing discourse analysis certainly involves doing syntax and semantic, but it primarily consists of doing pragmatics. In discourse analysis, as in pragmatics, we are concerned with what people using language are doing, and accounting for the linguistic features in the discourse as the means employed in what they are doing. . The objects of psycholinguistic studeis are addressed to language production, acquisition, and comprehension. Could you explain how are the processes of the three language uses in term of psycholinguistics analysis.  ·Language production based on Levelt, speech production divided into four stage; I. Conceptualization and formulation Primitive linguistic concept about first conceptualized in human mind by David Mcneill stated that linguistic concepts are f ormed as two current and parallel modes of taught. These are syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking. Then syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking ellaborate to conceptualize conversation in which speech utterance and gestures to be tied together in time. But this concept has gone record. Formulation as the output of the process language production. Lashely stated that production and comprehension of speech is linear process. Based on tradition od examining speech production, sleep tangue as a window of the formulation process. II. slips of the tongue Slip of the tongue is normal mistake, it happen to catch the goof ourselve. Then we can immediately correct. Slip the tongue as the production process . ut this concept has gone record too. III. Articulation In this stage we consider about what happens when all of he information go from our brain to articulation. IV. Self-Monitoring Self – monitoring seems that as final stage. It is not only produce speech and listen one to another, but also to keep one ear open on what they themselve saying.  ·Language acquisition Language a cquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words[-;0] and sentences[-;1] to communicate. Language acquisition began the same with the cognitive science at 1950’s. Chomsky argued that language acquisition falsified these beliefs in a single stroke: children learn languages that are governed by highly subtle and abstract principles, and they do so without explicit instruction or any other environmental clues to the nature of such principles. While Hence stated language acquisition depends on an innate, species-specific module that is distinct from general intelligence. Chomsky believes that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’ or LAD which encodes the major principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the child’s brain. In other point of view There are five stages in language acquisition stated by Chumbow and Adegbija (1984) such as babbling stage, the holophrastic stage, the two-word utterances, the telegraphic stage and recursive stage.  ·Language comprehension Clark and Clark argue that language comprehension is mental process by listeners take in the sounds uttered by speaker and use them to construct an interpretation of what they think the speaker intended to convey. (Clark and Clark: 1977)In sum up, language comprehension is building the meaning from sounds. While Language comprehension is generally viewed in cognitive theory as con-sisting of active and complex processes in which individuals construct meaning from aural or written information (Anderson 1985; Byrnes 1984; Call 1985; Howard 1985; Pearson 1985; Richards, 1983). An-derson (1983, 1985) proposes that the mental processes necessary for comprehending aural and written texts are sufficiently similar that comprehension of both can generally be discussed as a common phe-nomenon. 4. Following Clark and Clark (1977), comprehension involves two processes-construction and utilization processes. The first is concerned with the way listeners construct an interpretation of a sentence from the speakers’ words. The second deals with how listeners utilize this interpretation for further purposes for registering new infromation, answering questions, following orders, and registering promises. What really happens in our cognitive domains (memory) for both processes? Examplify your answer that the first happens earlier than the second OClark and Clark (1977) say that short-term memory is roughly related to the working memory in the construction process; long term memory is dealt with the process of utilization. In other word In short, short-term just focus on the surface of the utterance (how the sentence is constructed) while the long one concern on the meaning more (how the sentence is properly utilized). Outilization, consists of relating a mental represen-tation of the text meaning to declarative knowledge in long-term mem-ory. This process is referred to as elaboration in other descriptions of the reading process. Utilization is the key to comprehension and the basic determinant that facilitates it. In any mes-sage, there may be an interplay between information we already know and information that is entirely new. . Production of a speech requires speakers to plan what to say before its execution. Theoritically, the plan begins firstly with discourse plan followed by sentence plan and, at last, constituent plan. What should be the underlying concepts of this order? In the execution of a speech plan, several mental activities happen, what are they? Explain your answer OSpeech production is the process by which spoken[-;2] words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics[-;3] formulated and then finally are articulated by the motor system[-;4] in thevocal apparatus[-;5]. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a conversation[-;6], reaction such as when they name a picture or read[-;7] aloud a written word[-;8], or a vocal imitation such as in speech repetition[-;9]. Speech production is not the same as language production since language[-;10] can also be produced manually by signs[-;11]. The production of spoken language[-;12] involves three major levels of processing. The first is the processes of conceptualization[-;13] in which the intention[-;14] to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed. The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic[-;15] form required for that words expression is created. This process involves such processes as the generation of a syntactic[-16] frame, and phonological[-17] encoding which specifies the phonetic[-18] form of the intended utterance, the third stage is articulation[-19] which involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics[-20] of a word and the motor coordination[-21] of appropriate phonation[-22] and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue[-23], lips[-24], jaw[-25], and other parts. Levelt, WJ (1999). Models of word production. [-26]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (6): 223–232) 6. Children acquire language faster than adults’. Please give your arguments to agree or disagree to this statement. How do children use their utterance compared to adult. You should refer to, at least, four references. OChomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone beca use the language spoken around them is highly irregular – adult’s speech is often broken up and even sometimes ungrammatical. In ways understanding and establish meaning in words, children and adults are different. Children tend to focus more on the superficial physical characteristics of an object when defining the prototype for an object and when comparing a stimulus to that prototype. Thus, children will gradually their understanding of an object. Steinberg at all (2001) conclude the progress started from vocalization to babbling, babbling to speech, naming and using holophrastic for one word utterances, and using telegraphic speech for two and three words utterances. Another expert Mc Neill in Steinberg at all (2001:36) gives another opinion that the child who is learning language can compare the language that they have in their mind with what they hear from his parents. Children give priority to collocational links between words. For example, a child might respond with the word ‘night’ when told the word ‘dark’, whereas an adult more likely to respond with the word ‘light’ when presented with the same word ‘dark. Children may take time to discover the criteria by adult classify item as co-ordinates. 7. Language structure and language function can be seen differently by different scholars from the side of the meaning of an utterance. Please discuss your opinion about the function approach to meaning (the procedures and uses) Outterances has different meaning in context (including the situation, condition, location and the time in which the utterances are produced). For example : †Masak begitu saja jadi gila sih? † this utterance May be in giving support or motivate somebody who just got disappointed or depressed. 8. Please quote a mass demonstrant’s discourse (at least consisting of ten sentences). Please analyze psycholinguisticly the discourse of the demonstrant by considering his/her mass psychology. ODemo guru bantu : ‘angkat kami jadi PNS. Kami telah lama mengabdi untuk negri ini. Kalau kami tidak diangkat jadi PNS, gaji kami tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan primer kami. Yaitu kebutuhan hidup keluarga dan kebutuhan pendidikan anak-anak kami. Guru bantu perlu diperhatikan kesejahteraan hidupnya. Dari demo guru di atas terlihat semua individu memiliki kepentingan menjadi satu yaitu meminta kenaikan Gaji yang tidak sesuai standar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan utama. Dari kalimat demo di atas, setiap idividu guru lebih memiliki power yang lebih besar untuk meminta kenaikan gaji dikarekan mereka bersatu menjadi satu. OMass psychology is a branch of social psychology[-27]. Mass psychology is concerned with the behaviour and thought processes of individual mass members and the mass as a whole. The main idea of Sigmund Freud[-28]s crowd behavior theory is that people who are in a crowd act differently towards people from those who are thinking individually. The minds of the group would merge to form a way of thinking. Each members enthusiasm would be increased as a result, and one becomes less aware of the true nature of ones actions. Other major thinkers of crowd psychology include Rene Girard[-;29], Gustave Le Bon[-;30], Wilfred Trotter[-;31], Gabriel Tarde[-;32],Sigmund Freud[-;33], Elias Canetti[-;34], Steve Reicher[-;35] and Julia Constintine. 9. How do you agree (support) or disagree to the following ideas: a. language need not be taught, nor can it be suppressed OI agree that language need to be taught nor can be suppressed, Fernandez stated that language acquisition in the child is a naturally unfolding process, Every normal human acquires alinguistic system, and failure to do so is evidence for some sort of pathology. that children need to experience social, interactive language in order to acquire language. In fact, people acquire language at about the same speed during about the same age span, no matter what kind of cultural and social situation they grow up in. b. hildren everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule OI agree that children everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule. Based on (Fernandez: 2011) state that babies coo in the first half of their first year and begin to babble in the second half. The first word comes in the first half of the second year for just about everyone. In all societies, babies go through a one-word stage, followed by a period of early sentences of increasing len gth; finally, complex sentences begin. By the age of 5 the basic structures of the language are in place, although fine-tuning goes on until late child-hood. Children all over the world are sensitive to the same kinds of language properties, such as word order and inflection. They make remarkably few errors, but their errors are of a similar type. While there is much individual variation in the age at which children acquire aspects of language, that variation is conditioned by individual char-acteristics of the child rather than by the language being acquired or the culture in which the language is used. c. language is universal in human being OI agree with that statement about there are close to 7,000 languages spoken in the world today and, on the surface, they differ greatly. However, there are profound similarities among the languages of the world – so many similarities, in fact, that human language can be thought of as a single entity. Language universals result from the way the human brain organizes and processes linguistic information: language universals are a product of human neurology. Thus, a person’s ability to acquire and use language is natural These universals do not derive from social, cultural, or general intellectual characteristics of humans. Instead, List of references: Clark, H. H. and E. V. Clark (1977): Psychology and Language, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Fernandez, Eva M. (2011). Fundamental of psycholinguistics. Oxford. Wiley-Blackwell Steinberg, at all (2001): Psycholinguistic: Language, Mind, and World. Malaysia, Pearson Education. Scovel, T (2001): Psycholinguistics. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press. Yasin, Anas. (2010). Tindak Tutur: sebuah model gamatika komunikatif. Padang: Sukabina Press [-;0] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Word [-;1] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) [-;2] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spoken [-;3] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [-;4] http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Motor_system [-;5] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vocal_apparatus [-;6] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conversation [-;7] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reading_(process) [-;8] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Writing [-;9] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Speech_repetition [-;10] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [-;11] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sign_language [-;12] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Spoken_language [-;13] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conceptualization [-;14] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Intention -;15] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [-;16] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Syntactic [-;17] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonological [-;18] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [-;19] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation [-;20] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetics [-;21] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Motor_coordination [-;22] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonation [-;23] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tongue [-;24] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lip [-;25] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jaw -;26] http://www. columbia. edu/~rmk7/HC/HC_Readings/Levelt. pdf [-;27] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_psychology [-;28] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [-;29] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard [-;30] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon [-;31] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wil fred_Trotter [-;32] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gabriel_Tarde [-;33] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [-;34] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Elias_Canetti [-;35] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steve_Reicher