J. Cole Forest Hills Drive Album Essay Example

J. Cole Forest Hills Drive Album Paper The artist Jermaine Cole, otherwise known as J. Cole, released his album called Forest Hills Drive in 2014. Among the songs on this album, there was one that stood out to me and touched me personally. â€Å"Love Yourz† which is a song that J. Cole used to show people that they should appreciate the life and experiences they have now instead of taking them for granted. In the context of the album, this song follows Cole’s self-reflection because he is beginning to realize that the money and fame didn’t bring him the happiness he desired. To gain the true happiness he was yearning for, he needed to appreciate himself more and those that love him. â€Å"Love Yourz† was certainly hailed as one of the standout songs off J. Cole’s late 2014 album Forest Hills Drive. This song is a sincere work about being true to yourself and not letting material things dictate the purpose of your life. J. Coles’ main argument in the song is to appreciate the ones you have because they’re not always guaranteed to be there tomorrow. The hook â€Å"No such thing as a life that’s better than yours† is the most significant line in the whole song. J. Cole is really saying that hating your life isn’t going to make it better. He is trying o amount of success, money, cars, women, or power will make you truly happy. Most people believe that success is all they need for happiness. But without the love and support of those who you care most about you will never be truly happy. We will write a custom essay sample on J. Cole Forest Hills Drive Album specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on J. Cole Forest Hills Drive Album specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on J. Cole Forest Hills Drive Album specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He then goes to say â€Å"The good news is nigga you came a long way, the bad news is nigga you went the wrong way, Think being broke was better†. He is saying that through all of the success and all of the fame he hasn’t found happiness, and that in all actuality he was happier struggling. J. Cole really is speaking on how much better life was when he appreciated the little things. J. Cole is also telling his listeners to not worry about negative influences and or criticism. â€Å"Fak

The History of the Aeredi and their Lands

The History of the Aeredi and their Lands Free Online Research Papers Named for the title of the tome of the same name by the sage Ferenbrand. The City of Summer Stars of the Grey Olve in the Adri Forest is assailed by Ur Flan necromancers. Darnakurian forges Hunger, slays his mother and many of the Olve of the city as well as the Ur Flan. Ca. -1,400 CY: The Kingdom of Sulm thrives in the Bright Desert Ca. -1,300 CY: The Kingdom of Sulm falls in a day due to the Curse of Shattados. Ca. -1,100 CY: The Marvellous Nightingale of Queen Ehlissa the Enchanter is created. Kingdom of Ehlissa is assumed to be founded or extant about this time. Ca. -700 CY: Oeridan tribes wander the plains of central Oerik. -644 CY: Johydee of Cranden frees the Oerids from tyranny. The Aerdi begin their Great March, starting the Great Migrations of the Oeridans. -465 CY: Council of Oerdian Hetman, heeding shamanic advice, begin migrating into the Eastern Flanaess (180 OR) -458 CY: Oeridian migrations east at peak point. Oerid migrations move into Ket -447 CY: Zellif Ad-Zol, heir to the Suel Imperium, flees east with thousands of followers. While passing through the Pawluck Valley, some Suel settle, forging an alliance with indigenous Grey Olve lords. -446 CY: Commoners and a few noble houses of the Suloise move across the Harsh Pass to the east (5070 SD) -444 CY: Zellif Ad-Zol and follower settle in the Tilvanot Peninsula. -425 CY: Founding of the Scarlet Brotherhood (5091 SD). Kevelli Mauk presents his vision of the Brotherhood of the Scarlet Sign to the Suloise Council of Nobles. -422 CY: Invoked Devastation and Rain of Colourless Fire. Kevalli Mauk and the Scarlet Brotherhood flee east. -421 CY: Displaced Hobniz arrive in the Dragonshead, fleeing the upheavals of the Great Migrations and the advance of the Aerdi and Nehron into the lands north of Relmor Bay. Suel/Grey Olve Alliance in Sunndi is overrun with little difficulty by Oerid raiders. Oerids present in Sunndi soon after Rain of Colourless Fire. -419 CY: Kevelli Mauk and followers settle in the Tilvanot Penisula. The Onnwi arrive on the Dragonshead from the Pomarj and set about conquering the native Flan tribes or driving them into the Headlands. The Kingdom of Onnwal is declared. -415 CY: Aerdi first reported to have reached the western shores of the Nyr Dyv -411 CY: Death of Kevelli Mauk, Founder of the Scarlet Brotherhood. Reshnek Nes takes leadership of the Brotherhood (5105 SD) Ca. -400 CY: The Aerdi reach the Solnor Ocean. They settle the lands from the lower Flamni to the Gull Cliffs, founding the settlements of Rel Astra, Pontylver, Ountsy, Roland and Mentrey as capitals of a series of petty principalities, joined in a loose tribal confederation. The Suel House of Zelrad, driven out of the Sheldomar by the Houses Neheli and Rhola, are welcomed into the Flan Kingdom of Queen Ehlissa. They found the original town of Zelradton. Ca. -315 CY: Tuerny the Merciless is born in present day Ahlissa into the House of Cranden. -265 CY: Tuerny creates the Iron Flask of Tuerny the Merciless -243 CY: Scarlet Brotherhood defeats final remnants of rebelling Suloise Noble Houses. Scarlet Brotherhood assumes formal control of Tilvanot government, calling the peninsula The Kingdom of Shar. (5273 SD) Ca. 220 CY: Baron Lum (years before he discovered his infamous Machine) loses Druniazth (The Claw of Tharizdun) in battle against Ur Flan sorcerors near the present-day Bonewood. -217 CY: The Kingdom of Aerdy is founded, uniting the Aerdi principalities under a single banner. Lord Mikar of Garasteth is crowned Grand Prince and takes Rel Astra for his capital. [Early King of Aerdy slain by Tuerny of Cranden a tyrant and conqueror conquered vast swathes of land; pre-Aerdy commander) Tuerny was once a human wizard, one of the greatest in all history, and a feared personage in the ancient Kingdom of Aerdy. He was born over 900 years ago in the region now called Ahlissa. An archmage, fiend summoner and conqueror, he slew his own king and founded a militant, expansionist tyranny Subsequently he created the artefact that bears his name and was eventually captured in it himself (thus disappearing from history) Ca. -200 CY: Aerdy, led by Cranden and Darmen princes, conquers the crumbling Flan Kingdom of Ahlissa. Ca -175 CY: Torquann and Naelax Princes lead the conquest of the vile and decadent, dragon worshipping Flan Kingdoms in the upper reaches of the Flamni Basin between the Adri Forest and the Solnor Ocean. -171 CY: Aerdi forces wipe out a Flan tribe at the Battle of Chokestone. -143 CY: Eastfair is founded by the Naelax, who are given primacy in the North Province. Suel kingdoms south of Ahlissa in Idee and Sunndi conquered by the Aerdi in a series of brutal wars. -109 CY: The Battle of a Fortnights Length the forces of Aerdy led by House of Rax, crush the cavalry of the Nehron Oerids and their Tenha allies. The lands of Nehron, the last major independent Oerid kingdom, are absorbed into the Kingdom of Aerdy. -107 CY: The Order of the Knight Protectors of the Great Kingdom is founded after woodmen and farmers save the King of Aerdy from an attack by Ur-Flan insurgents on the roayl tent. After conquest of Ahlissa Aerdi rulers hear of the riches of the Iron Hills. Forge alliance with the Dwur Kingdom of the Iron Hills. After moving forces to the northern edges of the hills and commencing mining operations there, the remnants of Suel Kingdom of the Zelred (and/or perhaps the outposts of the Suel Onnwi) attack. Long and bloody war before the last Zelred settlement of Karnosa is sacked and burned. The Aerdi establish Zelradton as a military stronghold. Rauxes founded by a Cranden Grand Prince as a rival to Rel Astra. Sunndi incorporated into the South Province. -46 CY: Onnwal taken after a long and bloody war, ending with the establishment of Irongate and complete Aerdi control of the Headlands. 1 CY: Grand Prince Nasran of Cranden declares Universal Peace and is crowned as the first Overking of the Great Kingdom of Aerdy in Rauxes. Nasran founds the See of Medegia and grants it to the Church of Pholtus (entrusting the sacred heartlands of the Aerdi into sacred hands?). The overking also appoints viceroys to oversee the administration of the expanding empire. The House of Cranden is granted the Viceroyalty of the South Province, with its capital at Zelradton. The House of Naelax gains the Viceroyalty of the North Province, based in Eastfair. The House of Rax gains the Viceroyalty of Nyrond, based in Rel Mord. Schandor draws up the Code of Laws and creates the Court of Essence 11 CY: Battle of Arrowstrand between Aerdi forces and Suel barbarians. 12 CY: Scant is founded as capital of Onnwal. 75 CY: Overking Tenmeris of Cranden, grandson of Nasran dies. His wife, Yalranda takes the title of Overqueen. Tenmeris brain as small as flatulent belly was vast Yalranda formidable diplomat and mediator; true power behind the throne; Ca. 80 CY: Old City of Eastfair rebuilt after great fire. 86 CY: Overqueen Yalranda dies young at age 40. The new Overking Manshen breaks with Aerdi tradition and takes on the House of his wife Rax-Nyrond. Overking Manshen orders the settlement of the Asperdi Isles. 97-100 CY: Quaglands of Perrenland conquered by Aerdi forces. 98 CY: Eldest son of Erhart I is killed by the orb of the hatchlings 100 CY: Viceroyalty of Ferrond is proclaimed, with Dyvers as its capital. 100-200 CY: Noontide of the Great Kingdom Archclericy of Voll becomes a vassal of the Viceroyalty of Ferrond 102 CY: The House of Garasteth lays claim to the Asperdi Isles. They are challenged by the House of Atirr. After Baron Asperdi of Atirr wins a trial of nautical skill devised by Overking Manshen, the Isles are granted to the House of Atirr. Aerdi Admiralty moved from Astra to Asperd Isle. 108 CY: In response to Frutzii attacks on the North Province, Overking Manshen orders the subdual of the lands north of the Teesar Torrent. An Aerdi army, led by Knight Protectors of the Great Kingdom, masses at Knurl and sweeps northeast. Spinecastle founded in the autumn. Siege of Johnsport by Frutzii forces lifted by Aerdi relief columns. 109 CY: Massive Frutzii horde besieges Spinecastle. Frutzii are slaughtered in the Battle of the Shamblefield (Caldni Virs Charge) by Aerdi cavalry riding to the relief of the town. Vir is proclaimed Marquis of the Bone march by Overking Manshen. 122 CY: General Sir Pelgrave Ratik of Winetha ordered by Overking Toran I to subdue the lands between the Griffs and the Solnor Ocean. Ratiks host crosses the Kalmar Pass and takes Bresht in a winter campaign. He then drives the Frutzii back to the Timberway and founds Marner. 124 CY: The City of Irongate is completed. The Great Kingdom threatens to annex Urnst. 128 CY: Ratik repulses a Frutzii attack on Marner 130 CY: Pelgrave Ratik is declared Baron Ratik by Overking Toran I 134 CY: Overking Toran I deposes the House of Naelax as rulers of the North Province for their lack of support for the conquests in the Bone March and Ratik. The House of Atirr is given the title of Herzog and the capital of the province is moved to Atirr. 150 CY: First appearance of Rhennee (around Adri Forest) 155 CY: Lord Admiral Aedorich of Atirr discovers the Sinking Isle 166 CY: After the burning of the shipyards of Pontylver by the Suel pirates of Duxchan, Overking Erhart II orders the conquest of the Duxchan Isles. Lord Admiral Aedorich of Atirr leads the armada and founds the port of Dullstrand to act as its base. 167 CY: A copy of the Tome of the Scarlet Sign was delivered to Muratree, court wizard to the Malachite Throne. Lord Monduiz Dephaar of Torquann Terror of the Frutzii and later a Death Knight, born in Bellport 168 CY: The pirates of Duxchan are defeated by Aedorich at the Battle of Ganode Bay. Survivors flee to Ekul on the Tilvanot Peninsula. Sulward is founded and Oerid settlement begins. The Duxchan Isles become a fief of the South Province, ruled by the Aerdi Prince of Diren. 169 CY: Muratree and companions begin making Star Cairns in the Abbor-Alz 172 CY: The Lays of Bar Stannach vomited up by Fomorian Giant. 174 CY: Muratree dies when his attempts to transform into a lich fail. Late 180s CY: The Red Gnoll clashes 189 CY: The Urnst Senate sells the County of Urnst to the Great Kingdom. Overking Jiranen declares the County as a distinct protectorate from the rest of Urnst. 193 CY: The Duchy of Urnst is proclaimed and becomes a palatinate protectorate of the Great Kingdom 196 CY: Lady Lorana Kath of Naelax jilted by Prince Movanich of Atirr, heir to the the North Province 198 CY: Comet appears over Flanaess. Selvor the Younger prophesises an Age of Great Sorrow for the Great Kingdom. 200 CY: Leukish is constructed. More self determined rule in Ferrond. 202 CY: In reign of Overking Jiranen, Lord Nidramon of Hextorian, Knight Commander of the Knight Protectors of the Great Kingdom dies. The Council Gallant chooses Sir Benedor Monlath of Chathold as the new Knight Commander, over Lord Kargoth Torquann of Mansbridge. Sir Benedor defeats Lord Kargoth in a duel in the Court of Essence in Rauxes. 203 CY: Lord Kargoth Torquann of Mansbridge of the Knight Protectors becomes the first Death Knight and perverts thirteen of his fellow knights to the worship of Ahmon-Ibor (Demogorgon), transforming them into Death Knights. Arendagrost, Maw of the Abyss is released from the Temple of Lothan near Rel Deven and cuts a swath of destruction across the Great Kingdom from Rel Deven to Rauxes. The Knight Protectors slay the beast but not before several members of the royal family are slain at Carnifand. The cult of Ahmon-Ibor begins to rise in the eastern cities. Sir Rezinar of Haxx kills the Allreynen the Gripper when the archmage attempts to destroy him. 209 CY: The Death Knights Lord Maeril and Lord Farian of Naelax lead an undead army against Delaric. They are defeated by St Benedor of the Ashen Hand, who wielding the Orb of Sol destroys Lord Farian. 213 CY: Overking Jiranen of Rax dies. His son Malev auctions the Malachite Throne to his cousin, who is crowned Overking Zelchor of Rax. A total eclipse of the sun at noon on the day of Zelchors coronation heralds the beginning of the Age of Great Sorrow, as confirmed by the Royal Astrologers in Rel Astra. Zelcor distances himself from the Knight Protectors 233 CY: After the mysterious and untimely death of Herzog Movanich of Atirr, the Naelax regain the title, reportedly having bought it back from Overking Zelcor. House Atirr hounded out of existence over the the next two centuries 247 CY: Lord Kargoths citadel, Castle Fharlanst is besieged and destroyed by the Knight Protectors. The ruins stand on the Aerdi coast between Roland and Winetha 252 CY: Overking Toran II strips the See of Medegia and the office of Holy Censor from the Church of Pholtus and grants it to the Church of Zilchus, allies of the House of Rax. 254 CY: The heir to Viceroy Stinvri of Ferrond, Thrommel I, declares Ferronds independence from the Great Kingdom and is crowned as the first King of Furyondy. Nyrondese troops are drafted to crush rebellion but are repulsed with losses north of the Nyr Dyv. 283 CY: Edron of Rax-Nyrond reigns as Overking of the Great Kingdom of Aerdy 289 CY: Farlockend builds the Hexpools in the city of the same name 313 CY: The death knights grow so powerful that they begin to prey on Knight Protectors of the Great Kingdom 322 CY: Construction of Public Baths of Innspa 356 CY: Nyrond declares itself an independent kingdom under King Medven I. The invasion of Ratik, the Bone March and the North Province by Frutzii and Schnai barbarians prevents Overking Portillan from crushing the rebels. Suel barbrains are defeated. Battle of Redspan Tenha cavalry defeats an Imperial force attempting to re-establish Imperial rule over the Duchy. 359 CY: The Theocracy of the Pale is annexed by the Kingdom of Nyrond. Wintershiven is burned by Nyrondese troops. Late 4th century CY: Naelax begin using humanoid mercenaries in provisioning raids around the Adri Forest. Firan Zal’honan (Azal Lan), Lord of Knurl carves out a large personal kingdom for himself in the Flinty Hills, Adri and portions of the Bone March and North Province, declaring himself Wizard-King. 391 CY: The Lord of Knurl, the self-proclaimed â€Å"Wizard-King† Firan Zal’honan – better known as Azal’Lan –vanishes in the depth of the Adri Forest. 392 CY: The Death Knight Lord Maeril of Naelax loses the blade Astrosus in battle with St. Ceril the Relentless. Galran of Rax-Nyrond crowned Overking of the Great Kingdom of Aerdy a half-wit Sonnend of Rax-Nyrond crowned Overking of the Great Kingdom of Aerdy a drunkard who left all affairs of State to his advisors 430s CY: Ivid Naelax (son of Ivenzen Naelax) becomes Herzog of the North Province. House of Atirr becomes extinct. Rulership of Atirr passes to House Torquann 434 CY: Elversford established in the Adri Forest. 437 CY: Overking Nalif of Rax is assassinated by agents of Ivid of Naelax, Herzog of the North Province. Ivid declares himself Overking. He is opposed by the House of Rax, elements of the House of Garasteth and the House of Cranden, led by Galssonan of Cranden, Herzog of the South Province. The Great Kingdom slips into the civil war known as the Turmoil Between the Crowns. The Naelax use orcs and other humanoids extensively as mercenaries for the first time. The Naelax begin hunting down members of the House of Rax, with the aid of the Death Knight, Prince Myrhal of Rax. 443 CY: Ivid I begins hunting down the Knight Protectors of the Great Kingdom 443-446 CY: The Malachite Throne is crafted from crystal hewn from the Cauldron of Night 446 CY: Prince Malchim III of Garastheth, Lord Mayor of Rel Astra and the House of Darmen side with Ivid, handing him victory in the civil war and the Crown of Aerdy.. Galssonan is deposed and replaced by Damanilor of Naelax as Herzog of the South Province. Damanilor invites the Lord-Mayor of Irongate and other southern leaders to Zelradton to discuss their grievances. The envoys are arrested, sent in chains to Rauxes where they are tortured for the Overkings pleasure and then publicly executed for treason and their bodies exposed in the Traitors Garden. King Dunstan I of Nyrond meets with representatives of the fiefs of the South Province in Chathold and encourages them to rebel. The South Province rises in open rebellion against Ivid. Parmus Destron deposes Naelax szek and takes his place. 447 CY: With the backing of King Dunstan I of Nyrond, Irongate, Onnwal, Idee, Sunndi and the Lordship of the Isles declare themselves independent states. Damanilor sends the Provincial Expeditionary Forces to besiege Irongate. The southern rebels crush the Imperial army at the Battle of a Thousand Banners before the walls of Irongate. Irongate, Onnwal and Idee found the Iron League. Lordship vessels seized in Prymp by Damainilor. 446-450 CY: Second wave of civil war. A nephew (Duke Astrin?) that Ivid left as steward of the North Province rebels against his uncle and establishes his fief as a sovereign state, but his rebellion is put down. The Holy Censor of Medegia defies the Overking and establishes an independent see. The Sea Barons gain control over the Aerdi fleet. Ivid closes all mainland ports to them, forcing the Barons to sue for peace. Ivid earns the title the fiend-seeing during campaigns in the heartlands of the Great Kingdom. Almor rebels. Ivid draws upon hellish aid, which assisting the Companion Guard, routs the rebels. Nyrond sends aid to the Almorians forcing the exhausted armies into stalemate along the current borders. The Prelacy of Almor gains independence 448 CY: The Lordship of the Isles join the Iron League. The Prince of Diren cedes more autonomy to his nobles. The Sea Barons granted sole authority over the navy of the Great Kingdom. Conflict begins between the Sea Barons and the Lordship of the Isles 449 CY: Rel Deven is sacked by the House of Darmen. Sack of University of Rauxes, destruction of Imperial War Records 450 CY: Second wave of civil war ends. The Celestial Houses of the Great Kingdom pay homage to Overking Ivid I who officially takes the Malachite Throne unopposed for the first time this year. In return Ivid grants palatinate status to Rel Astra, North and South Province and the See of Medegia. The See of Medegia and the office of Holy Censor passes Patriarch-General Izvestian of Hextor. Church of Hextor given primacy in the North Province under the spiritual and temporal rule of the Herzog. The House of Darmen is granted control over the Royal Guild of Merchants of Aerdy and thus over all guilds in the Great Kingdom. The Great Council of Rel Mord. King Dunstan I offers public support for the Iron League and rebukes the Great Kingdom. Nyrondese troops withdrawn from the Pale and the County of Urnst. Ivid I has Prime Remmanen of Pholtus assassinated and replaced with a doppleganger. Ivid I institutes the policy of Royal Trusts to confiscate lands of disloyal nobles and converts the Great Kingdom from an aristocracy to a dictatorship. Ivid I draws up the Sedition Proclamations to tighten central control over the affairs of the Great Kingdom, including allowing him to appoint Judges of the Sessions. The Death-Code of Eeas, a â€Å"pithy listing of crimes for which execution was mandated† is promulgated. It â€Å"displays early tinges of the madness that would infect the Naelax line† The Eldritch Lords of the Aerdi remove themselves from Rauxes to Rel Deven. 455 CY: Sunndi rebels slaughter the Aerdi forces occupying the country and drive out the loyalist Glorioles Army. Sunndi is proclaimed an independent County and joins the Iron League. 456 CY: Replacement of Prime Remmanen discovered. Office of Prime replaced by panel of three judges Patriarchs of Pholtus, Zilchus and Hextor. Ivid purges priests of Pholtus from the Judges of the Sessions. 467 CY: Ivid I claims bodies of all that die within Rauxes become possessions of the crown unless 100 gp fee for burial in Oltary Park is paid. 486 CY: Ivid I introduces the Castle Tax. 490s CY: The Death Knight Prince Myrhal of Rax wrests Myrhals Crown from the lich Hathamriz the Disaffected on an island in the Solnor Ocean. 494 CY: Ivid I dies. Ivid II of Naelax crowned Overking of the Great Kingdom of Aerdy. Unstable before his coronation, Ivid II quickly lapses into raving dementia upon assuming the full regalia of office. Ivid II commences building of Castle Rifter (completed by Ivid III) 498 CY: Ivid II slain by his son. Ivid III of Naelax crowned Overking of the Great Kingdom of Aerdy. Ivid III, exterminates his blood kin and imprisons his children in the Imperial Palace. Ivid III creates the Web spy network. 515 CY: Sinking of Duxchaner ship with a cargo of pearls and ingots worth 40,000gp: Founding of annual Windmarch fair of King’s Justice/Darnagal held during the third week of Harvester. Note: conflicts with LGG â€Å"ancient festival† Ca. 519 CY: House Highforge of Irongate find starstone (comet of 198 CY). Founding of Azak-Zil and port of Zarak in the Abbor-Alz 520-586 CY: Pirates operate along the coast of the Bright Desert, threat of piracy at peak, merchants only put to sea in small armadas accompanied by ships-of-war Ca. 523 CY: Jaran Krimeeah, Ivid IIIs Court Mage and cousin (and a scion of the Houses of Rax and Naelax), attempts a coup against the Overking. Krimeeah is exiled from the Great Kingdom after the coup is crushed. Ca. 524 CY: Mines of Azak-Zil lost to unknown forces. Ivid III, upon reaching advanced age, declares that his surviving child will succeed him. After a bloodbath of fratricide, the sole survivor becomes Ivid IV. Ivid IV of Naelax crowned Overking of the Great Kingdom of Aerdy Ivid IV imprisons those of his children not slain at birth and their mothers monstrously tortured for the Overkings amusement. Ivid IVs reign accomplishes little, as he â€Å"excelled in debauchery, not administration.† Ivid IV perennially launches military campaigns to retake Almor and Nyrond and always manages only to shift the borders a few miles in either direction. 531 CY: Ahlissan forces attempt to sack Rel Deven, but are repulsed. 535 CY: Ivid IV appropriates the town of Karellford as a Royal Protectorate. 550s CY: Humanoid raids on Ratik and the Bone March increase The second of Ivid IV’s sons assassinates his 122 siblings. 556 CY: Overking Ivid V of Naelax is crowned after having his father, Ivid IV assassinated by his concubine. The House of Naelax-Selor is granted the title of Herzogs of the South Province. Ivid V no military genius, but a brilliant intriguer and politician; creator of the Screaming Column and the Fiend Knights of Doom (with Xaene). 557 CY: Drax of Garasteth becomes Lord-Mayor of Rel Astra. 558 CY: Scarlet Brotherhood agents encourage humanoids to raid the Bone March. (6074 SD) 560 CY: Dramatic increase in humanoid raids in Ratik and the Bone March. 561 CY: After forming a pact with Grenell Naelax, Herzog of the North Province, humanoid hordes invade and overrun the entire Bone March except for Spinecastle and Knurl. Archbaron Lexnol III of Ratik repulses humanoid invasion of Ratik. 563 CY: Orcs infiltrate and capture Spinecastle, slaughtering Marquis Clement of the Bone March and his family. 564 CY: Oerid Prince of Diren fails to produce an heir. Latmac Ranold of Duxchan is declared Prince. Ranold proposes open war against the Great Kingdom and begins bolstering the Lords navy. Reydrich of Naelax becomes Court Archmage for Herzog Chelor I of the South Province. 565 CY: Icespire on the Tusk falls under a curse. 570 CY: Reydrich seeks to become a member of the Circle of Eight, but is rejected. Oswaldon The Fat purchases the town of Carnifand. 572 CY: The fleet of the Sea Barons defeat the Lordship of the Isles at the Battle of Medegia. 573 CY: The Archmage Bigby flees Oldridge and settles in Scant. Emissaries of Scarlet Brotherhood appear in the courts of the Iron League (6088 SD). 575 CY: Herzog Chelor III of the House Naelax-Selor gains throne in South Provence 576 CY: Passing of the Millennium date predicted by Huro for the Scarlet Brotherhood, Millennialist Party begins to decline (6091 SD). Slavelords begin operations 576 – 579 CY: Date unclear. Rakehell Chert et al thwart Iggwilv in the Isle of the Ape at Tenser’s behest. 577 CY: Forces of Herzog Chelor III of Naelax-Selor, under General Reynard, seize the north-eastern frontiers of Sunndi, from the confluence of the Greyflood and Thelly rivers to the meeting of the Thelly and Flamni. Frutzii raiding fleet defeated north of Asperdi Isles by the Sea Barons. Onnwalon vessels skirmish with ships of the South Province in Relmor Bay and the Sea of Gearnat. 578 CY: Onnwalon ships defeat the vessels of the Pomarji pirate Blidg Fanger near Blue and a squadron of South Province Vessels off Norland Point. Onnwalon ships raid the coasts of the South Province. The Vile Moon Tribe of Bone Marcher Orcs slaughtered by Ratik forces at the Battle of the Loftwood. Holy Censor Spidesa named Imperial Constable and sends an army of nearly 13,000 men through the Hestmark Highlands to attack Sunndi. The force meets heavy resistance in the hills from Dwur and other hill-folk. Grandwood foresters and Olve destroy a Medegian army in the southern Grandwood in the Battle of Gahrus Folly. In response Spidesa signs a pact with Drax of Rel Astra ensuring the cities independence in return for military aid against the Grandwood. Ivid dispatches an army of 12,000 into the western Grandwood to deal with insurgency there. Hurricane Ivid hits Sea Barons. Sea Barons dispatch fleet under Lord Captain Aldusc Foy to aid the North Province from the port of Bellport. A North Province army is turned back by woodsfolk at the Harp Rover at the Battle of Woodford. Grenell reinforces his troops for war against Nyrond. General Reynard takes the land between the Greyflood and Rieuwood and into the Hollow Highlands, but is ground to a stalemate. Chelor IIIs force is stopped in northern Idee by the armies of the Iron League. Raids from the Vast Swamp trouble Sunndis southern frontier, however Count Hazendel dispatches forces to the defence of Idee. Army from the Iron Hills comes to aid of beleaguered Ideean forces, but a rift develops between King Holgi Hirsute of the Dwur and Count Fedorik Eddri of Idee. Naval skirmishes between Nyrond and the Great Kingdom in Relmor Bay. Leaders of Irongate, Onnwal and the Dwur and Noniz of the Headlands meet in Killdeer and agree to aid Irongate should she be attacked, but will not otherwise become involved in human affairs. Szek Ewerd of Onnwal re-enforces his Marines and doubles the size of his Regular Army and Militia. Almor and Nyrond muster their forces for war with the Great Kingdom. 579 CY: Nyrond and Almor join the Iron League to form the Golden League. The League immediately declares war on the Great Kingdom in response to Imperial aggression in the Adri Forest, Relmor Bay, Idee and Sunndi. Alain VI of Ratik marries Evaleigh of Knurl. 579 CY-580 CY: War of the Golden League between the Golden League and the Great Kingdom. The war concludes with the Great Kingdom seeing off the attacks of the Golden League. 580 CY: Bone Marchers attempt to steal the Seal of Marner. Events of the Slavers trilogy. Slavelords reign of terror ended by heroes from states surrounding Gearnat.. 581 CY: The Plague of the Red Death sweeps the Great Kingdom. Griffith Adarian calls upon the power of the Gem of Rachleach to defeat a force of 300 raiders sent into the Adri by the Great Kingdom. Xaene, Ivids court-wizard replaced by Karoolck. Ivid proclaims the worship of Baalzy. Emasstus Carcosa, Patriarch of Pholtus, denounces Ivid as being insane and allied with fiends and is arrested for treason and subversion and executed. Church of Pholtus is looted and desecrated (except in Ahlissa and Medegia). 582 CY: The Greyhawk Wars begin. Nyrond marches against the Fists into Nutherwood, Phostwood. Fists stop Nyrondese advance at Ternsmay. 583 CY: The Greyhawk Wars: Spidasa, Holy Censor of Medegia refuses to aid Ivid V in the wars, with backing of Krennden, Patriarch of Hextor in Rel Astra and sparking the Iron Schism in the Church of Hextor. Delglath the Undying placed in charge of Rinloru. Ivid V attacks Almor, Nyrond and the Iron League. Ivid’s Aerdi Army marches towards Chathold in Almor, Ivid’s Northern Army enters Adri Forest near Edge Field, Grand Field Force of the South Provence marches into Iron Hills, Glorioles Army crosses the Thelly River and enters Glorioles. Pitchfield, the capital of Sunndi falls to the Glorioles Army. The Iron League receives aid secretly from the Scarlet Brotherhood. Ossons Ride begins, with Almor’s cavalry passing through the Thelly Forest and plunging into the South Province. Herzog Chelor moves troops from the Iron Hills east. Chelor reluctantly accepts aid from the Overking. The Aerdi army, under the Grandee Despotrix of the army, his Highness Yimdil of Jalpa, marches southwest to engage Osson. Commedant Osson defeats the Glorioles Army at the Battle of the Rieuwood and liberates Sunndi. Osson repulsed from Nulbish, but defeats Medegian forces, forcing Spidesa to flee to Rauxes where he suffers the Endless Death. The Eastern Pact of Alliance is signed in Oldred between Nyrond, Almor, Onnwal, Idee, Irongate, Sunndi, the Lordship of the Isles and the County of Urnst, pledging support against the Great Kingdom. 584 CY: Latmac Ranold is deposed by Prince Frolmar Ingerskatti of Ganode, with the backing of the Scarlet Brotherhood. The Lordship of the Isles withdraws from the Iron League and pledges its allegiance to the Scarlet Brotherhood.. Osson defeated in Medegia by Ivids armies. Pontylver and Mentrey sacked and Medegia pillaged by Aerdi forces. Leastisle falls to marauders. Almor destroyed by Ivids forces. Chathold razed in the Day of Dust. Ivid V begins revivification of general and nobles and assumes command of the Armies of Aerdy. Aerdy’s drive into Nyrond stops at Battle of Innspa. Ivid V assassinated but is revivified as an animus. Nyrond counterattacks Aerdy’s Army of the North (North Provence troops). The North Province, under Herzog Grenell of Naelax, breaks away from the Great Kingdom. Herzog Chelor III of the South Province is executed for his incompetence in the wars and replaced by Reydrich of Naelax. The Great Kingdom of Aerdy fractures into hundreds of petty states. The North Province checks Nyrond’s counterattack. The South Province (Ahlissa) declares independence from the Great Kingdom. The Lordship fleet blockades the Tilva Straits, and attacks Gradsul and Irongate in concert with Scarlet Brotherhood vessels Szek Ewerd Destron assassinated in Scant. Onnwal and Idee fall to the Scarlet Brotherhood. Lord Mayor Cobb Darg foils the Brotherhoods attempt to capture Irongate. Pact of Greyhawk signed bringing the Greyhawk Wars to a close. Keep of Greenkeep destroyed in the Blemu Hills. 585 CY: Nyrondese raid on Prymp. Patriarch Lassaren of Zilchus secretly flees from Rauxes to Kalstrand to avoid assassination by Ivid V. Burning of 34 farmers in the Grand Market of Scant by the Scarlet Brotherhood. Aide to Magister Vlent revealed as an agent of the Scarlet Brotherhood. Eramheh Swiftwind enters the service of Xavener of Darmen. 586 CY: Grenell of Naelax is crowned Overking of the Kingdom of Northern Aerdy, with his capital at Eastfair. Patriarch Pyrannden of Hextor declares that Ivid V is no longer Overking. Fall of Rauxes. Disappearance of Duke Szeffrin from Almor. Alain VI of Ratik is slain in an ambush while attempting to attack Spinecastle. Senior Scarlet Brotherhood Herdsmen in Onnwal and Idee are assassinated by magical means by Graf Reydrich of the South Province. Reydrich takes Idee from the Scarlet Brotherhood, but is assassinated by Tyrem of the Scarlet Brotherhood soon after. An oligarchy of Ahlissan generals including General Reynard proclaim the Kingdom of Ahlissa. Last ships to sail the Azure Sea from Rel Astra (stopped by Scarlet Brotherhood blockade). Rakehell Chert leads the Brewfest Rebellion in Onnwal, wresting control of most of the country from the Scarlet Brotherhood. Jian Destron formally declared Szek of the Free State of Onnwal in Killdeer. Sea Barons exploration fleet departs east over the Solnor Ocean. King Lynwerd of Nyrond reclaims the western portion of Almor. Lordship of the Isles vessels given permission to trade in Gryrax and Nyrond. 587 CY: Scarlet Brotherhood agents assissinate several members of Ahlissa’s Oligarchy. Secret meeting between surviving Oligarchs of Ahlissa and Prince Xavener in Kalstrand. The United Kingdom of Ahlissa is founded. Xavener of Darmen is crowned Overking in Kalstrand. Prince Reydrich returns and reclaims rulership of the Principality of Ahlissa (on the condition he deals with his Naelax relatives in Ahlissa). Degalath the Undying attacks the forces of the North Kingdom from Rinloru with an army of undead. Nyrond declares western Almor a Royal Protectorate. 588 CY: With the aid of Prince Reydrich of Ahlissa, Overking Xavener survives an attempted assassination attempt by disaffected Naelax nobles. Overking Xavener orders the rebuilding of the Ahlissan fleets at Prymp and Naerie. Raids by the â€Å"Idee Volunteers† against Ahlissan forces in the Principality of Naerie. 589 CY: Sunndi chooses not to join the United Kingdom of Ahlissa (6104 SD). The Kingdom of Sunndi is declared, with Olvenking Hazendel the Defender as its ruler. The Solnor Compact is signed between Rel Astra, Ountsy and Roland. Sea Barons explorers return with tales of lands to the east. 590 CY: Innspa joins the United Kingdom. Xavener, expands United Kingdom of Ahlissa north into the old Great Kingdom and meets the southern expansion of Grenell’s southern expansion of the Great Kingdom of Northern Aerdy. Administrative capitals of the Ahlissan Marchlands of the Adri and the Grandwood are moved to Innspa and Torrich respectively. Cobb Darg, Lord Mayor of Irongate, officially recognises the Jian Destron and the Free State of Onnwal. Sunndi Congress of Lords meets for the first time. Trade between Ahlissa and Nyrond, Sunndi and Irongate begins. North Kingdom forces seen on the northern borders of the Ahlissan Marchland of Rauxes. Rel Astran caravel appears in Hardby, having claimed to have circumnavigated Hepmonaland. 591 CY: Dwur miners discover 2 sixteen foot high tablets in Irongates immense undercity. Referred to now as the Khul-Ak tableaux they are thought to reveal significant information about the lands surrounding the free city in ancient times. The script has defied all attempts to decipher it. Bigby has referred to the text as unfathomably alien. A half dozen vessels are wrecked off the Bright Coast by a mysterious agency. The only survivor of the attacks is still, 2 years later, insane. Attacks sporadically still occur to this day. Delgath the Undying has grown the undead hordes infesting Rinloru, threatening to break out from the encircled city. Prince Molil enters the Adri with an army, heading for Elversford. His vanguard troops, consisting mainly of humanoid forces, were crushed at Druid’s Well by a quickly assembled force of foresters and adventurers. The Idee Volunteers launch a series of successful raids against Ahlissan garrisons in the Barony of Monne in Naerie. In retaliation, the Ahlissans seal off the Tomb of the Saint of Idee, leading to widespread protests among the locals and the arrest of the leading dissidents. 592 CY: A large band of Idee Volunteers are surrounded by Ahlissan forces on the edge of the Hollow Highlands. Only a few survivors escape the ensuing slaughter. The Scarlet Brotherhood launches a seaborne attack on the southern Onnwalon port of Longbridge, siezing the town for a time. Szek Jian Destron, aided by his cousin Baron Halshas Geldrenn of Silvervale, personally leads a relief force to storm and recapture the port. A daughter, Veryanna, is born to Szek Jian Destron, by his paramour, Duchess Saielma Relaster of the Storm Coast. An emmissary of Rary the Traitor appears in Szek Jian’s court demanding custody of Veryanna as repayment for the aid that the Traitor gave Jian in escaping the knives of the Scarlet Brotherhood in 584 CY. Szek Jian refuses. 593 CY: Turrosh Mak, Emperor of the Orcish Empire of the Pomarj, sends an army under the command of the half-euroz general Jedurek, to aid the Scarlet Brotherhood in Onnwal. An attack by the Army of Rebellion on the port of Obelton is repulsed, forcing the Onnwalons to withdraw from the western Volanots. In the autumn, a combined offensive by the Scarlet Brotherhood and the Jedurek’s Euroz overruns the plains of the Gildenlea, pushing the Army of Rebellion back in disarray to the towns of Sornhill and Bergardbridge. 594 CY: Scarlet Brotherhood and its Pomarji allies launch a combined attack by land and sea upon the Onnwalon strongholds of Sornhill and Killdeer. In fierce fighting on the docks of both towns, the defenders hold the line until Ahlissan naval squadrons arrive to force the withdrawal of the Brotherhood forces. The Free State of Onnwal, the Kingdom of Sunndi and the United Kingdom of Ahlissa sign the Naerie Compact. Under the terms of the treaty, Onnwal and Sunndi formally recognise Ahlissa’s claim on the Principlaity of Naerie and allow the Royal Guild of Merchants of Aerdy access to their markets in return for free passage of the Sunndian XIth Army to Onnwal and the cooperation of the Imperial Ahlissan Fleet against the navy of the Scarlet Brotherhood and its allies. The Army of Rebellion, in concert with the Imperial Ahlissan Navy, liberate the port of Tessak’s Cove. Research Papers on The History of the Aeredi and their LandsCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBringing Democracy to AfricaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsStandardized TestingHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Spring and AutumnBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Fifth Horseman

The Pioneers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Pioneers - Term Paper Example This paper is a critical analysis of contributions of Isaac Newton and Aristotle, some of the most distinguished scientific pioneers in the history of humanity. Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton, a distinguished English philosopher is considered as the most creative and prominent scientific theorist of all times. His most remarkable contribution in mathematical and scientific fields includes the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and pioneering theories in the study of light and color. Moreover, Isaac Newton revolutionalized physical science by the discovery of the three laws of motion and the law of gravitational pull (Westfall, 1971). His contribution in science and mathematics resulted to development of classical mechanics, a very influential scientific discipline. Though Isaac Newton is considered to be one of the most original thinkers, he collaborated the works and ideas of other scientists in the 17 century and before such as Kepler, Galileo, Descartes and Copernicus among others . Isaac Newton asserted this fact by acknowledging in one of his most famous quote that if he had seen further, it was by standing on the shoulders of giants (Alexandre, 1965). He distinguished himself as a brilliant physicist, astronomer, mathematician, alchemist and as a natural philosopher. According to Westfall (1971), Isaac Newton was born in January 4, 1643 to Hannah Ayscough and Isaac Newton. His actual place of birth was at Woolsthorpe, a rural town in Lincolnshire County. During his birth, the Gregorian calendar was not used in England then and hence his birth date was recorded using the Julian calendar as 25 December 1642. The Gregorian calendar, which is the modern style, was adopted in 1752 in England and it was ten days ahead of the Julian style (Westfall, 1971). Isaac Newton was born prematurely and his father had died three months prior to his birth. Later, his mother Hannah remarried when the boy was just three years old, an incident that most Newtonian biographers c onsider as traumatic to his childhood and adulthood. Soon after his mother remarried, Isaac Newton was left under the care of his maternal grandmother Margery Asycough (Westfall, 1971). Isaac Newton was separated from his mother until 1653, when she returned to her motherland after the death of her second husband. He enrolled at King’s school after refusing her mothers attempt of dropping him out of school to train him become a farmer. Isaac Newton’s early academic life was lackluster, but he later, he discovered his abilities after joining Cambridge University from Woolsthorpe in 1661 (Hall, 1980). Cambridge University is a renowned institution of higher learning but at the time of Isaac Newton admission, the centre had not yet grasped emerging scientific changes in its curriculum (Hall, 1980). In this regard, Ackrill (1981) noted that the curriculum was based on ancient works of Aristotle and other classical authors. In this respect, most biographers affirm that Isaa c Newton’s undergraduate studies involved a lot of Aristotle, resulting to his undistinguishable academic performance. However during this time, Isaac Newton concentrated and mustered the works of

Development of the professional role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Development of the professional role - Essay Example I have selected this episode of practice, individualized care, because it is the section I took most of my time learning and had a vast experienced and involvement with other practitioners. I will use Gibbs Reflective Cycle to discuss this episode, my experiences, my actions, and lessons learned during the practice. Through the use of Gibbs Reflective Model, I will address clinical decision making, management, leadership and teamwork, delegation and supervision of others, quality assurance, and continuing professional development. I will address the above mentioned themes in relation to Gibbs Reflective Cycle of how I have developed in these areas during my training to date. I will also use Gibbs Reflective Cycle to demonstrate my fitness to practice and reflect on my personal and professional development, and the skills needed to be utilized in order to enhance my practice. The Gibbs Reflective Model is a six step cycle structured method which enables the students to explore their feelings and thoughts and encourages an action plan and analysis with the aim of challenging practice and improving knowledge (Brown 2007). The aim of this reflection will focus on individualized care for a patient of a man, who I will not mention the name in order to protect his anonymity. The reflection will equally examine my feelings and thoughts, evaluations, and critical appraisal of the care given to the patient in line with the National Health Service. While on placement in Emergency and Accident Department, I was assigned a patient under individualized care, to record his follow-up vital signs and document my findings on a chart. I was supposed to observe any deterioration and report and discharge or recommend referrals where possible as a health professional in charge of ensuring safe and effective discharge of patients from the hospital to their homes. This reflection is aligned with the policies established by the 2010 Quality Health Framework. The

The Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana Essay Example for Free

The Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana Essay In 2010 an estimated 443,000 people died prematurely from smoking tobacco or exposure to secondhand smoke, and another 8. 6 million live with a serious illness caused by smoking. Despite these risks, approximately 46. 6 million U. S. adults smoke cigarettes. Alcohol use last year led to 14,406 alcoholic liver disease deaths and 23,199 other alcohol related deaths excluding accidents and homicides. Alcohol Use, 2009) Despite these alarming statistics, these substances remain legal and socially acceptable while marijuana, which has never killed anyone anywhere, is illegal, remains classified as a stage one controlled substance, which likens it to killer drugs such as LSD, and heroin, both so lethal you could die with a single use. Why is it socially acceptable to use substances, which kill thousands a year while a plant that is practically a miracle drug remains portrayed as one of the most dangerous substances, known to man? In this paper, we will look at the pros and cons of legalizing marijuana the financial impact as well as the effects it would have on industry. We will also look at social impact caused by legalizing marijuana can it be socially acceptable. Alcohol and tobacco continually kill people by the thousands and yet remain legal, why then is marijuana, a drug that has never killed a single person still illegal. The declaration of independence and the constitution of the United States of America are written on hemp paper there were even laws on the subject of marijuana before that. America’s first marijuana law was enacted at Jamestown Colony, Virginia in 1619 it ordered all farmers to grow Indian hempseed there were several other must grow laws over the next 200 years. You would be imprisoned for not growing hemp during times of shortage in Virginia between 1763 and 1767, and during that time hemp was legal tender you could even pay your taxes with hemp. The United States Census of 1850 counted 8,327 hemp plantations growing cannabis hemp for cloth, canvas and even the cordage used for baling cotton (Census of population and housing, 1850). The American people have been using marijuana since before we were the mighty nation we are today in fact Americans have been consuming all types of narcotics for many years cocaine and opium used to be available for purchase over the counter. Marijuana is a dry, shredded green and brown mix of flowers, stems, seeds, and leaves derived from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa the main active biochemical in marijuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC for short (The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2010). People have been using marijuana for many different things throughout history it has over a thousand uses from making fabric and ropes to helping sick people regain their appetite yet in our society, it remains illegal. Marijuana is the most commonly used drug. According to the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), an estimated 104 million Americans aged 12 or older have tried marijuana at least once in their lifetimes, representing 41. 5% of the U. S. population in that age group (The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2010). The number of past year marijuana users in 2009 was approximately 28. 5 million (11. 3% of the population aged 12 or older) and the number of past month marijuana users was 16. 7 million (6. 6%). 2 that is a very large percentage of the population. (The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2010) These numbers clearly show that many people use and seem to like marijuana and with all of this consumption, one would think that there would be at least one reported case of a marijuana-induced fatality but there is none. Marijuana has many uses besides its chemical properties there is even a European organization dedicated to it industrial uses. Industrial hemp has many different uses; we are capable of weaving the fibers into fabric to make clothing, also pressing it into paper, or even a plastic like material that amazingly has ten times the impact strength steel. It would also replace many of the everyday medications we use, it is great for headaches or muscles pain and most upset stomach symptoms. It has also been shown to help alleviate some troubles discomfort that can occur while taking chemotherapy and when living with HIV or AIDS. Â  So much so that pharmaceutical companies have been developing synthetic types of THC hoping to corner the market but since marijuana contains more than just THC the results have not been as operant. Many people use cannabis therapeutically when they are living with HIV or AIDS but there is not enough data to show exactly how they benefit from the cannabis. Another study done using 332 young adult females from Southern New England showed that it could be used to relieve stress and tension caused by menstrual cramps and helped reduce anxiety in some. (De Dios, et al. 2010)All that is known is that it helps them have a better quality of life and that alone should be enough for people to realize that we have been misinformed, marijuana is not all bad it is just extremely misunderstood. If marijuana helps, is worthwhile and requires further examination but given the legal barriers, and the contrasting effects associated with cannabinoids and the fact that the pharmacology of naturally occurring cannabinoids in the human brain is not understood at length. Therefore, the full range of consequences of synthetic cannabinoid or marijuana use cannot be entirely anticipated and should be explored. It is hard to believe that a plant with so much usefulness would not be farmed on a massive level it is very easy to cultivate and it grows with little to no care. There is a bad side to industrializing hemp there would be money and jobs lost by the industries that hemp would replace. The textile companies would lose a lot of their business hemp makes a much stronger fabric that is much cheaper to produce, there would not need to be too many modifications made when it comes to how we farm our textiles if the cotton companies would be willing to convert they could probably do just as well. The pharmaceutical companies stand to lose the most money, the drugs that are their best sellers like antidepressants and cancer treatment drugs. It would also replace most over the counter remedies as well headaches and most stomach problems can be treated with marijuana. When using deontology rather than looking at the consequences of an act, one looks at the reason for which an act is done, and the rule according to which one chooses to act. Deontology does not dismiss that acts have consequences rather; it insists that those consequences should not play a role in our moral evaluation of such acts (Mosser, 2010). If we use a deontologist point of view when accessing the act of a terminally ill patient using marijuana to cope with pain or perhaps gain an appetite there is no question that this is the right thing to do. How about a person using marijuana recreationally it increases your sense but slows your reflexes it is healthier than smoking tobacco or drinking alcohol as long as the person is an adult who is not performing any dangerous procedures they should be fine and this act can be looked at as acceptable. Utilitarianism sometimes called the consequentialist theory because it evaluates whether an act is right or wrong relative to the act’s consequences. (Mosser, 2010) Therefore, utilitarian would look at the overall greater good and make it legal; there are some downsides as far as evenue goes but should money always be the main goal. As cash crop it is worth lots of money it can be used for much more than just it chemical properties it makes great fabric and plastics that have ten times the impact strength of steal. It vastly improves the quality of life for many cancer survivors with marijuana multiple sclerosis suffers a beginning to lead almost normal existences without fear of pain and chemo patients can eat a full meal and gain back the strength needed to survive. Would it be right to deny these people a medicine that can save their lives simply because we see it as social unacceptable? If we look at marijuana use case by case, and judge them using relativism perspective rarely will we find a case were the marijuana use is detrimental to the person using it or the surrounding society (Yacoubian, 2007). In fact, most of the bad acts associated marijuana is in the procurement of it if people had a legal way to get their marijuana, most of the crime would subside because there would no longer be a profit. There has been a comparison study done on our marijuana laws and the marijuana laws in place in the Netherlands. The United States policy towards marijuana is best viewed in two ways: first off is supply reduction, or the reduction and control of the supply of drugs through legal prohibitions, law enforcement, interdiction, sentencing, and incarceration. Secondly is demand reduction, or the reduction of the demand for drugs through education, prevention, and treatment. Yacoubian, 2007) Dutch law states that marijuana is illegal but in 1976, the Netherlands adopted a formal policy of no enforcement for violations involving the possession or sale of up to thirty grams that was later lowered to five grams in 1995 of marijuana this policy is referred to depenalization. By the mid-1980s, another rule allowed small retail outlets to sell marijuana legally this policy is referred to as de facto legalization. The retail stores are required to comply with five codes of practice: 1) sales are limited to no more than five grams per person daily; 2) no hard drugs, such as ecstasy, cocaine, or heroin, can be sold; 3) no advertising is permitted; 4) no nuisances or public disturbances are permitted; and 5) no sales to minors. In the end the findings were very interesting it seems that the increased availability of marijuana in the Netherlands only led to a slight increase in the amount of marijuana users and our laws did very little to curb use or supply (Yacoubian, 2007). So why do we continue to prosecute our people and waste thousands of dollars trying to eradicate a plant with so many pros and so few cons. Our economy is in trouble, at the end of the 2009 fiscal year our deficit came in at a record $1. 42 trillion, more than triple the record set just a year earlier and it is only getting worse. The government spends nearly 7. 7 billion dollars a year prosecuting cases and eradicating marijuana farms even with these efforts there is an estimated black market for marijuana of nearly 100 billion dollars a year. With numbers like these, the government could tax marijuana as it does alcohol and tobacco it and make an additional 6. 2 billion a year in revenues. So again using utilitarian point of view the greatest good for the greatest number is legalize and tax it. The reasons marijuana is not legal today is probably more financial and political than for the reason of keeping the public safe from a dangerous drug. If the government was truly concerned with the overall safety of the public rather than just weather or not something made money tobacco and alcohol would have been made illegal a long time ago. If a utilitarian point of view is used to evaluate whether or not tobacco should be legal based on the information provided here it would be easy to say that tobacco should be illegal it kills not only the people who use it but innocent bystanders (Mosser, 2010). There are not too many arguments for why tobacco should be legal other than that it has always been legal, it relaxes them, and it generates lots of revenue for the government and other businesses. These are not to convincing but the money generated has given the people in charge of these companies’ lots of power and they have used that power to keep marijuana illegal. Political lobbying has been a big problem when it comes to marijuana becoming legal tobacco, pharmaceutical, and alcohol companies have a lot of money and they would lose a substantial amount of their revenue if marijuana became legal. Therefore, they hire a third party to bribe and negotiate with politicians to stop possible injunctions and even have bills introduced to reduce the amount of regulations already in place. Why would the alcohol and tobacco companies want the American citizens using a drug they could grow in their backyard that does not kill you or cause dependency? The reason marijuana is illegal and will remain illegal is greed, plain and simple, the greed of man and the never-ending pursuit of the almighty dollar. The amount of money that corporate America stands to lose if people wake up and begin using marijuana in all the ways it can be is exponential. First off, most pharmaceutical companies will lose their biggest money makers, people would no longer need to use the dangerous psychoactive drugs with side effects that are sometimes worse than the original condition. Next would come all of the textile uses it can make fabric stronger than cotton, grows and process much easier and is cheaper to produce. Then there are the recreational uses why would people continue to use tobacco when it has been proven to kill when they could use something much safer without fear of prosecution. Someday the world will be in the hands of the next generation a generation of informed intelligent people who no longer accept things at face value. We will use ethics the way it is meant to be used to help people not to find ways in which to justify the controls enforced on them. Critical thinking will be put to use to solve the crises caused by years of denial and ignorance we will no longer use unsafe drugs simply because they are considered socially acceptable. Unfortunately, that day may be far away until then we can just hope for the majority of people to wake up and take a look at what the government is saying with it policies on marijuana and their polices on alcohol and tobacco. Do we want money controlling our government this does not maximize our utility the people should control policy not companies. Someday we will outlaw political lobbing and truly punish the corrupt who line their pockets with money from special interest groups who seek less regulations so that they can make a profit. We will no longer endure the injustices perpetrated against us, the sick are being giving drugs that do not really help and in most cases makes things worse. America is a global leader when it comes to human rights yet our citizens sometimes have fewer freedoms than we think. In the constitution, it states every man has the right to the pursuit of happiness for some people, happiness is relaxing with some marijuana and the right to use it should be protected. We know that tobacco and alcohol can kill you we also know that marijuana cannot so maybe it is time that we apply ethics to this issue, do the greatest good for the greatest number, and legalize marijuana.

The village by the sea :: essays research papers

ESSAY NO.2 In Annita Desai’s novel, the treatments between male and female characters are totally different. It is described in the novel that the male characters are always lazy, selfish drunkards while the female characters are diligent and always keeping the family together. Annita tried to illustrate the readers how Indian people live in the village of Thul and how urban Indians live in the capital city of India, Bombay. In the creative novel of The Village by the sea, the two characters that play the most important roll in the play are Hari and Lila. Hari is the one who find some food and some earnings for the family, and also the one who decides to go to Bombay because he thinks that he certainly cannot get a job in an industry. On the other hand, Lila is the one who takes care of her two sisters, Bela and Kamal, and also her sick mother. In every morning, she needs to make tea for her two sisters before they go to school and also her mother who is sick of an unknown disease. Both Hari and Lila cannot go to school because the family does not have enough money to support all the children’s school fee. Despite the facts that Annita Desai describes the village of Thul as a mini paradise which lived there happy people, but apart from that she tries to focus at Hari and Lila’s hut. All the people and houses around their hut seem so colourful and joyful. However, Annita describes Hari and L ila’s hut as a small, old patched hut which has a feeling of unhappiness and sickness. The earthen walls are crumbling and the windows gapped without any shutters. She illustrates the readers that this hut is such a colourless hut apart from all the other huts around it. The mother, who is sick, of this family is the one who plays the most important part in keeping the family alive, well and together. Although Annita just writes in the novel that the mother is very sick and cannot move anywhere, but she was the one who keeps this family joined together. Because the father, who is the leader of this family, is a drunkard who is irresponsible about taking care of the family Hari and Lila needs to find some way to survive and to earn some money to take their mother to the hospital.

The Forest Act

INTRODUCTION the term forest is defined as an area of land with at least ten per cent (10%) of tree crown cover, naturally grown or planted and/or fifty per cent (50%) or more shrub and tree regeneration cover and includes all forest reserves of whatever kind declared or gazetted under this Act and all plantations. The Forest Ordinance of 1959, is the law which governs the Forest Law of 2002, having the objective to effect governmental control for economic gain rather than sustainable development, as the concept of environment is not been taken seriously.HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FORESTS IN TANZANIA Historically the forest act can be traced back as far as 1819 to 1919 whereby the state controlled forest estate was initially established under German colonial administration who were the first colonialist in Tanzania. The German’s administrator used different methods and tactics in preserving the forest such as forcing the residences near forest or in the forest places to evacuate d those places immediately and there were no remedies present for those who violated the decree intentionally.In 1921 after the Second World War Tanganyika was placed to the British Administration. The English supervision presented the Forest Ordinance which was based on that used in adjacent Kenya colony which placed restriction on access to and use of forest products. The spirit of the British colonialists to protect the forest and its resources were also seen in the Land Ordinance whereby it introduced protected areas; forests areas being part and parcel.Soon after independence, forests in Tanzania have been managed and controlled by the Forest and Beekeeping Division under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. This management has been characterized by extensive state control which does not involve the local community forests. The forest management was due to forest degradation and deforestation through illegal activities and increase of human pressure on natural resourc es. In Tanzania a vast forest area existed for instance in the 1990’s, the forested areas were ranging from 41-42 percent.It was observed that most of the forested areas were cleared for agricultural, overgrazing, wildfires, charcoal burning and overexploitation activities. During 1961-1997 it was discovered that over 10 million hectares of forest had been lost therefore in order to prevent this loss the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism made an effort and concentrated on active participation of the local community and stake holders. In 1990 the Forest Policy came into existence by virtue of the Forest and Beekeeping Division.Currently the Forest sector in Tanzania is controlled by three parallel structures which includes The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, The Regional Secretariat and the Local Authority. NATIONAL FOREST POLICY, 1998 The Forest Policy (NFP) of 1998 in Tanzania was the result of reviewing its Forest Policy of 1953. Generally, the objective of this policy was to enhance the contribution of Forest sector to the sustainable development in Tanzania and conservation and management of her natural resources for the benefit of the present and the future generation.This means that forests have to be managed in terms of socio-economic, ecological and cultural sustainability and with the principle of multi-functionality and equitable benefit and responsibility sharing. Also the Forest Policy also recognizes the role of the private sector in management of forest resources and the policy responsibility of managing forest resources will be left in the hands of specialized agencies and the private sector, central government responsibility will be managed.The Policy promotes tools to implement different communities based management regimes, ranking from Joint Forest Management to community management (Community Based Forest Management, Village Forest Reserve). The objectives related to forest policy OTo ensure sustainable development and equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of present and future generation without degrading the environment or risking health or safety. OTo present and control degradation of land, water, vegetation and air which constitute our life support systems.OTo conserve and enhance our natural and man-made heritage, including the biological diversity of the unique ecosystem of Tanzania. OTo improve the condition and productivity of the degraded areas including rural and urban settlement in order that all Tanzanians may live in safe, healthy, productive and aesthetical pleasing surroundings. OTo raise public awareness and understanding of the essential linkages between environment and to promote individual and community participation in environmental action.OTo promote international cooperation on the environment agenda, and expand our participation and contribution to relevant bilateral, sub-regional, regional and global organizations and programs, including implementatio n of conventions. OTHER OBJECTIVES The National forest policy is based on macro-economic, environment framework and social framework. In microeconomic framework has the objective, which lifts the national economy and facilitate wholesome growth, the policy has stated the following objectives: OTo combat poverty and deprivation in order to improve people’s path.OTo ensure macro-economic stability. OTo create an enabling environment for a strong private sector. O To reduce government involvement in direct productive activities. OTo improve efficiency in the use of public resources. FOREST ACT, 2002 The objectives of the Forest Act, 2002 as analyzed under the provision of Part II of the Act are: OTo promote, to enhance the contribution of the forest sector to the sustainable development of Tanzania and the conservation and management of natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.OTo encourage and facilitate the active participation of the citizen in the sustainable planning, management, use and conservation of forest resources through the development of individual and community rights, whether derived from customary law or under this Act, to use and manage forest resources; OTo ensure ecosystem stability through conservation of forest biodiversity, water catchments and soil fertility; OTo delegate responsibility for management of forest resources to the lowest possible level of local management consistent with the furtherance of national policies; OTo ensure the sustainable supply of forest products and ervices by maintaining sufficient forest area under efficient, effective and economical management; OTo enhance the quality and improve the marketability of forest products and regulate their export; OTo promote coordination and cooperation between the forest sector and other agencies and bodies in the public and private sectors in respect of the management of the natural resources of Tanzania; OTo facilitate greater public awarenes s of the cultural, economic and social benefits for conserving and increasing sustainable forest cover by developing programmes in training, research and public education; OTo enable Tanzania to pay, fully in contributing towards and benefiting from international efforts and measures to protect and enhance global bio-diversity.The Act enables the State to fulfill its obligation to meet the standards determined by international instruments to enhance and protect global bio-diversity. Section 5 provides for ministerial responsibility and function of the director, where as Section 6 provides for the appointment and function of the officer. ADMINISTRATION AND INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM OF THE FOREST ACT, 2002. THE INSTITUTIONS MECHANISM ESTABLISHED UNDER THE FOREST ACT, there are three major institutions created by the Forest Act, which are, the forestry advisory committee, Community forest management group for managing forest reserves, and Tanzania forest fund. NATIONAL FORESTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEEThis is a committee established under Section 10 of the Act, and the minister appoints the committee members, who function to advise the minister on; OMatters relating to issuance of concession and conditions as provided for under Section 20(11) of this Act; OMatters relating to declaration of a forest reserve as provided under Section 23(6) of this Act; OMatters relating to the management of forest reserve as provided under Section 27(5) of this Act; review of the forest policy; and OAny other matter, which the Minister may specify. COMMUNITY FOREST MANAGEMENT GROUPS Community Forest management group may be formed by any group of persons who are members of a village living in or near to a forest or group of persons who are managing a forest or part thereof or who are desirous of managing a forest reserve or part thereof. TANZANIA FOREST FUNDThis is another institution established under the Act, which deals with financial matter, in which the funds and its resources consist of fee payable, royalty payable, grants donations and bequests, any sum realizes by the sale of forest produce and income generated by any project financed by the fund, and such funds are managed by forest fund trustee appointed by the minister. The object and purpose of the fund is to meet the objectives of the Act as analyzed in the provision of Section 3. ADMINISTRATION MECHANISMS Part III of the Forest Act provides for administrative and institutional mechanisms. To start with administration, the Act provides that there is a Minister responsible for forest matters and that the Minister is responsible for policy formulation and for ensuring execution by official in the ministry such functions connected with the implementation of this Act.Apart from that, there is a Director of the forestry who is appointed by the President and bears the function of advising the government on all matters of management of the forests. On top of that the Director is required and empowered by the Ac t to make a determination affecting or likely to affect the rights of any individuals and give reasons for the decisions. There are other Appointed Officers who have the duty to ensure the efficient, effective and economical management and supervisions of forests as directed by the Act. These officers appointed by the Director include, licensing and registration officers, enforcement officers, inspectors and all of them are answerable to the director. Furthermore, there exists a Local Authority and Forest Management Authority.Power to designate any person to be an Authorized Officer has been vested to the Director and he also has power to delegate to such public officers, a local authority officer to perform any work imposed on him by the Act. CREATION OF FOREST RESERVE The Act provides for the creation of forests reserves as analyzed under section 4, which include national forest reserves, local authority forest reserves, village forest and private forest. The Act goes further in p roviding for the guiding procedures in declaring an area to be a forest reserve under Section 23, and provision of compensation in case of claims arising out of an area, which is declared a forest reserve is provided under Section 24(1) PERMITS AND LICENSESUnder Part VI provides for specified activities to be carried in national or local authority forest reserve subject to conditions as prescribed in the permit, which is sought in respect of Section 50, and grant of permit, variation and modification of the same is provided for under Section 53, Section(s) 54 and 55, provide for Surrender of permit and Revocation or suspension of the permit. ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES UNDER THE FOREST ACT GENERAL PRINCIPLES ORight to information, meaning that the director and all officers are required to ensure that members of the public are equally and adequately given information and guidance in connection to implementation of this Act ORight to appeal, any individual aggrieved by a decision under t his Act has a right to appeal in the High court SPECIFIC PRINCIPLESOPrinciple of local level governance, meaning that the right and duties of which villagers have to respect village land reserves and function of local authority in respect of village land forest reserve OPrinciple of prevention action, restriction on boundary vegetation, inspection of forest produce by experts, prohibition of marking by unknown persons, prohibition of export of forest produce without certification OPrinciple of restrictive measures, the Act provides for the restriction in the creation of new rights for forest reserves, were as subsection 5 of section 25, an investigation process can be allowed to enquire in a matter that has been reported to the minister or chief executive officer.OPrinciple of sustainable development, which ensures the ecosystem stability through conservation of the forest biodiversity, water catchments and soil fertility and facilitating public awareness so as to increase sustainab le forest cover by developing training programmes and education, as well as sustainability in connection to harvest of forest products. OPrinciple of inter-generational equity, the Act encourages and facilitate active participation of the citizens in the sustainable planning of the environment and forest reserves through community out reach OThe Act further looks at the concept of Environmental Impact Assessment, and the provision binds both the public and private local authorities . OFFENCES AND PENALTIES The Act also provides for various offences and penalties in general. These offences have been provided for under part XI, Section 84-100.Section 84 generally provides offense relating to forest reserve which includes entrance into the forest reserve, performing any act contrary to section 26, obstruct roads path or water course, damage forest reserve, grazing of livestock shall be guilt of an offence upon conviction liable to a fine not less than thirty thousands (Tshs) and not ex ceeding one million or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to both such fine and imprisonment. Section 85 offences relating trees not in forest reserve. A person may be held liable for the following action felling trees, cuts trees, loops damage, remove or sell any reserved tree or any party thereof unreserved land shall be guilty of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine of not less than fifty thousands (Tshs) or imprisonment not exceeding one year or to both such fine and imprisonment.Section 86 relating to wild plants, any person without lawfully authority picks pluck takes sample any part or any way or by any way interferes with or willfully and intentionally poison damage or destroy in any way wild plants or expose for sell or purchase export or attempt to expose shall be guilt of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine not less than two hundred thousand (Tshs) and not exceeding one million shilling or to imprisonment for a t erm not less than six months and not exceeding two years or to both. Section 90 provides for counterfeiting and similar offences, any person who counterfeiting alters obliterates or defaces any stamp mark, sign, license permit, certificate authority or receipt used or issued under this act shall be guilty of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to a fine not less than one million shilling and not exceeding three million or to imprisonment for not less one year and not exceeding two years or both. Section 91 on offences in connection with fires.Any person who without lawful authority lights or assists in lighting or uses rekindles or adds fuels or any fire or causes any of theses to fake place leaves an attended fires before such fire is thoroughly extinguished or fails to comply with lawfully order issued to him under and in connection with any of the provisions of part 9 of this act shall be guilt of an offence and upon conviction shall be liable to affine not less than f ifty thousands(Tshs) or not exceeding one million or to imprisonment not exceeding one year or both. Where any person is convicted of an offence against this act the Court may in addition to any other penalty provided for in this Act order cancellation of the permit for period that a forest reserve manager may see fit and upon damage of forest produce will pay compensation for the same subject to ten times the amount of royalties or fees which had the action constituting the offence. STRENGTHS OF THE FOREST ACTThe Act links the central government and the local community in the whole process of preservation and protection of the forest resources in order to ensure national development and this is done through public participation in decision making in forest management as portrayed under Section 42 through the Participatory Forest Management(PFM) and the Community Base Forest Management(CBFM) which involves village and local people of forest protection. also, the Act provides for Pri vate forests in which individuals who are the holders of the right of occupancy enter into covenants on land that without previous consent of the Director. The Act also establish the administration and institutional machinery in order to protect forest resources.Also it provides for Minister responsible for forest and Director of Forest Officers who are appointees of the Director and Forest Advisory Committee and the National Plants Protection Advisory Committee. The Act provides for participation of local communities in the management of their lands and, their rights on natural resources are clearly recognized as per Section 14, 32 and 40 of the Forest Act No. 14, 2002 which provides for village land forest management plans and rights and duties of villages in respect of village land forest reserve. never the less, the Act provides for trade on forest produce through establishing procedures necessary to conduct forests trade and forest produce.This led to ensure sustainable trade o f forest produce and forest conservation and a person need to have trade permit and license of conducting trade as stipulated under the Act. Moreover, the establishment of the Tanzania Forest Fund. The fund contributes towards on the conservation of the forest resources and the main purpose is to promote awareness and to ensure development and sustainable use of forest resources through public education and training and to promote the community forestry in the whole process of development through making grants and providing advice and assistance to group of persons. WEAKNESSES OF THE ACT There are some conflicts between the Forest Act and the Village Land Act regarding the procedures for the establishment of Village Forest Reserve.Section 32(2) and 33 of the Village Land Act provide for procedures such as application to the village council, signed by the party applying for the derivative right or his duly appointed agent or representative; accompanied by simple plan showing the loca tion and boundaries of the land and any other information which may be prescribed or which may be required by the village council, accompanied by any fees which may be prescribed; notified to the members of the village by any means of publicity which will bring the matter to their attention; whereas the Forest Act provide for concepts like private forests which includes forestry dedication covenants, application for concession, use of land as private forest land and concession. Also concepts such as forest reserves other than village and community forest reserve, village land forest reserves and community forest reserves which all provide for various procedures for each where in village land act it provides for the general procedures.Section 98 0f the Act provide that no matter or thing done by any authorized officer to perform any function under the Act, shall, if done in good faith in execution or purported execution of his function under this Act, render him personally liable for the matter or thing concerned. This means that the act did not provide protection to an individual member of the society rather it’s only the official who is protected. Also same section of the same act provide that any person is liable for any offence against the act but do not provide the meaning of any person and that makes authorities to become people who will be liable for any offence which will have unnecessary immunity. The director of the forestry has been vested with so much power which can make him abuse the power.Section 5(2) to (4) provide that director of the forest is appointed by the president whom will become an officer of public service, the director is to advise the government on all matters of management of forests and also to give reason to the person who is affected by the decisions of the director. Then if the director is the one to advice the government on matters relating to the forest then can give decisions which will be more favorable to the author ities and desire of the government regardless of what is really needed in forest development. The Forest Act empowered only the high court to have jurisdiction over the matters pertaining forest protection. ith the high court having the powers itself then there are some situations which people who affected by the acts done to the forest fail to submit their complaints to the court since they have no access to it. In Tanzania most regions have only one court; for instance in Iringa all district like Mafinga and Mufindi depends on the high court which is at Iringa municipal; With this regards then access to justice fails. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS it is our recommendation that the law to relating to protection of the forest be modified so as to fit with the corent society were there defforestation of the lands is of great extend all over the world and Tanzania in Particular by imposing heavier punishment to those who harm the forests for the benefit of the current and coming gener ation.